Top 10 malware of 2004 :: essays research papers

The top 10 malw ar threats of 2004 as taken from McAfee and defined by Symantec are as followed Adware-180, Adware-Gator, Exploit-ByteVerify, Exploit-MhtRedir, JS/Noclose, W32/Bagle, W32/Mydoom, W32/Netsky, W32/Sasser, W32/Sdbot (family including sdbot, gaobot, polybot, spybot). The majority of these threats enter into our system under a different alias or by hitching a ride on programs we download online. Adware-180 is a spybot that monitors the activity its infectees do while online. This program testament open up affliated sites when it sees a certain keyword while searching online. When adware-180 is downloaded it creates a name for itself in the Microsoft registry, this registry then can fix itself it only partial parts of the adware are removed. Adware-Gator is one that I am ooooh to familiar with. This adware drives me crazy I will be searching online and all of a sudden down by my time and date a little box will pop up giving me alternative vacation prices or prescription p rices. Gator (or gain as it says in my registry) gets downloaded onto the computer either manually or by creep itself in with another download. With this adware on the hard drive it allows websites to upload their content to your computer without your knowledge enabling them to display advertisements at the strangest times.Exploit-MhtRedir is a file that is considered a malicious website to download and execute programs on your computer. Its file type is a Trojan horse, which disguises itself in order to promote unwanted hypertext markup language on your computer. This Trojan only affects Microsoft internet explorer.W32/Mydoom comes in an assortment of different subcategories ranging from category 1 to 2. The majority of the Mydoom worms are a category 2. The mass bill worm that uses its own smtp to send emails to people listed on the infected computers. It allows unauthorized remote access. Once it take a chances the addresses of people it sends itself in attachments that say th ings like read the sideline attachment, please confirm, please read immediately etc.W32/Sasser is one I think we all remember hearing about. This one gets onto your computer and scans IP addresses to find vulnerable computers. Its wild threat is medium, the damage it causes is low but the distribution level of this worm is very high. The main threat of this worm is the event that even though it is unable to infect Windows 95/98/ME it does take up a lot of space making it difficult for such programs as the Symantec removal tool to run.

Capital Punishment Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Death Crime Essay

Capital PunishmentTaking this course has made me ponder on m some(prenominal) issues which I neverdeemed worthy of my thoughts. I always considered the close penalty one ofthose things which I never had to concern myself with. First of all Im notplanning to commit any vial crimes, and I dont think anyone I cargon about hasthose plans either. Secondly, Ive never been conscious or concerned with thelikes of criminals. When we began speaking on the subject, I thought we were simply going to talk about the institution of racism in capital punishment, andwas quite unaware of the feeling this subject would arouse in me. Needless tosay, I have formed some opinions on the issue which confused even me.I always considered myself pro-capital punishment. I was of the mindthat if someone killed me, I would like my death avenged, but pondering on theissue of cultural differences has made me doubt my prior convictions. First ofall, I am against the use of the lethal injection. I go steady that it iscleaner, but if the law wants to inflict death as a punishment, it essentialunderstand that death is not a pretty thing. Criminals are aggravatorlessly drift tosleep, and die in the same manner that Dr. Kavorkians patients choose.Personally, if I was faced with the option of living the remainder of my life inisolation, perpetually haunted by pain and images of terror, I would absolutelychose to die by lethal injection. There is no true punishment in this method,except the fear of going to hell, which I powerfully doubt is of much concern tomost convicts on death row.Assuming that the judicial processes which convict these individualsare legitimate, the only common bond within this gathering is that they are allmortal, and hold no respect for human life. These delinquents are on death row,because they have committed a crime of such queasy proportions, that societyhas deemed them unfit to live. They deliberately and nonchalantly depravedanother human of their life. They emphat ically partook in reprehensible maliceof inhuman dimensions, never bothered by their conscience. They are sick andvile individuals who do not acknowledge social conventions such as religion andthe law. They have broken the law, and in leaving it they outside themselvesfrom the protection of the law. The 8th Amendment should no longer apply tothese sick de... ...ideas of hate. Then you burn their faces tillthey are so ugly to look at that they are ashamed to be alive. Then youcastrate them to make sure they can no longer partake in pleasure. In thisdisheveled state you drop off them out to the streets so they can see and hear thepain, agony and injustice that they so freely bestowed on their victims. Theywill truly suffer for their crimes. They will be the new example for futurecriminals. No longer will the villain be worshipped by the mass media, or bythe youngsters on the streets. The mobster will then cease to exist, and onlythe mentally retarded will perpetuate their heinous c rimes.Isnt it sad that our situation has become so grave that we mustactually look to these alternatives to solve the problem. I think everyoneknows that the only way to help ourselves to a better life is through education,but politicians continue to delineate funding for schools. We are going aboutthe solution in the wrong way. If we teach people to value themselves andaccept others, and therefore dissolve economic and family line differences, we willtruly begin to put an end to crime. Till then we will have to accept ourreality.

An Exposition on Peanut Butter Cookies Essay -- Exposition Essays

An Exposition on Peanut Butter CookiesHave you ever move to bake peanut butter cookies, and for some reason they were a complete flap because they were dry and crunchy, too moist and crumbly, or perhaps they had a terrible taste? Well, I have discovered this cool new recipe and I have never failed at making them. Have no fear, the final peanut butter cookie recipe is here. We will consider the following ingredients 1c. of brown sugar, 1c. of white sugar, 1c. of margarine or butter, 1c. of peanut butter, 2 large eggs, 1 tsp. of baking soda, 1/4 tsp. of salt, 2 tsp. of vanilla, 3 cups of flour, and 1/2 cup of white sugar. As far as cooking utensils go, we will need the following 2 large bowls, a small cup, a microwavable bowl, a baking sheet, one set of measuring spoons, one se...

Witchcraft of the Past Essay -- Essays Papers

Witchcraft of the Past What images does the word witch create in a persons sound judgment? Most people would tend to think of an old woman wearing a black, cone-shaped hat, with a large mole on her face, and perhaps fast(a) on her broom. This is the stereotype of witches, and although some witches of the past may have fit into this category, one must remember witchcraft is a religion with a alteration of followers. On the Covenant of the Goddess website, the basic philosophy of witchcraft is stated in one simple sentence Our religion is not a series of precepts or beliefs, rather we believe that we each have within ourselves the capacity to reach out and experience the mystery that feeling of ineffable oneness with all Life. 1 This website is devoted to finding the origins of witchcraft, specifically faith and reason, and how it has affected society over the past 700 years. In the 13th century, witches, then called silky folk, played a ordained role in helping people cope with calamity.2 They provided hope to townspeople that through magical means, natural disasters might some how be avoided. The cunning folk provided this important service that kept settlement life moving ahead. Possession of these so-called magical powers made one an important member of village society. People in need of security and influence, namely, the old and the impoverished, especially single or widowed women most often made these claims.3 In the late thirteenth century, the Christian church declared that only its priests possessed legitimate magical powers, and those who practices magic outside the church evidently derived their power from the Devil.4 The church cute to rid society of the witches influence, and thus witch-hunts began. ... ...tion. 8. The Burning Times. 9. Kagan, 491. 10. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud, http//popeye.cc.biu.ac.il/barilm/witches.html (8 March 1999). 11. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud. BibliographyAbout the Covenant of the Goddess. Covenant of the Goddess. http//www.cog.org/ widely distributed/iabout.html (8 March 1999). Beliefs & Superstitions. The Library of Witchcraft. http//witchcraft.simplenet.com/belief.html (9 March 1999) The Burning Times. The Library of Witchcraft. http//witchcraft.simplenet.com/burningtimes1.html (9 March 1999). Kagan, Donald, Steve Ozment and Frank M. Turner. The Western Heritage Volume II Since 1648. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 1998. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud. http//popeye.cc.biu.ac.il/barilm/witches.html (8 March 1999).

Sign Of The Crimes :: essays research papers

Sign of the crimes Members of a citizens anticrime group in Linesville, PA., have a new mystery to solve Who stole their crime watch signs? quint signs and poles were removed from roadsides around Linesville in Crawford County. "We dont know if it was somebody trying to get even," said Ed Barker, chairman of the North Shenango Township Crime Watch chapter. "We dont destine it was kids, because the signs were gone, post and all."Youre under abreast Michael Copp, 18, Sheffield Lake, Ohio, was charged with stealing his frets credit card to pay for his 18-year-old girlfriends breast enlargement surgery. According to a police report, Copps mother, Gaelene Pakrandt, told officers she had closed the bill because her son charged $2,100 in car repair bills. Police said Copp reopened the account without his mothers knowledge after he found the card in a drawer. He charged $2,496 to the card to cover the surgery. Most items purchased with a stolen credit card are confiscate d and returned by police. But this case is a little different. wipeout race 2000 PHILADELPHIA, PA - Tamika Ross, 26, is being held for trial on charges of the murder of Nathaniel Davis. Apparently Ross ran over Davis hat with her car. When Davis confronted the driver a dispute erupted and Davis allegedly hit Ross. Thats when the mother of five took matters into her own hands and ran him over with her car, killing him. When questioned, police quoted Ross as saying, "He hit me so I ran him down."Dead man gets 2 years A man was sentenced last week to two years in prison for faking his death three times to beat drunk driving charges. hammer C. Gentry was first arrested in 1991, but an official looking death certificate sent to authorities said he had died in a Los Angeles railroad car crash, and the case was dismissed. In 1994, he was arrested again and sent in another death certificate. A year later, Gentry was again arrested and supposedly died this time of "denzor hemo rrhagic fever" in Africa. There is no such disease. Soul-mate not cellmate Karim earthworm, Philadelphia, PA was acquitted last week of fatally shooting Phillip Shirdan, 42, after his lawyer claimed that Lackey had been the victim of "mistaken identity." Two of Lackeys alibi witnesses claimed they were with him watching the "Soul Train Music Awards" on TV at the time Shirdan was killed in a lounge.

Sign Of The Crimes :: essays research papers

Sign of the crimes Members of a citizens anticrime group in Linesville, PA., have a new mystery to solve Who take their crime watch signs? Five signs and poles were removed from roadsides around Linesville in Crawford County. "We dont know if it was somebody trying to get even," said Ed Barker, chairman of the North Shenango townsfolk Crime Watch chapter. "We dont think it was kids, because the signs were gone, post and all."Youre under abreast Michael Copp, 18, Sheffield Lake, Ohio, was charged with stealing his mothers credit card to pay for his 18-year-old girlfriends breast enlargement surgery. According to a police report, Copps mother, Gaelene Pakrandt, told officers she had closed the account because her son charged $2,100 in car repair bills. Police said Copp reopened the account without his mothers knowledge after he plunge the card in a drawer. He charged $2,496 to the card to cover the surgery. Most items purchased with a stolen credit card are confisca ted and returned by police. But this wooing is a little different.Death race 2000 PHILADELPHIA, PA - Tamika Ross, 26, is being held for trial on charges of the murder of Nathaniel Davis. Apparently Ross ran over Davis hat with her car. When Davis confronted the driver a remainder erupted and Davis allegedly hit Ross. Thats when the mother of five took matters into her own hands and ran him over with her car, killing him. When questioned, police quoted Ross as saying, "He hit me so I ran him down." dead man gets 2 years A man was sentenced last week to two years in prison for faking his death three ms to bilk drunk driving charges. Peter C. Gentry was first arrested in 1991, but an official looking death certificate sent to authorities said he had died in a Los Angeles auto crash, and the case was dismissed. In 1994, he was arrested once again and sent in another death certificate. A year later, Gentry was again arrested and supposedly died this time of "denzor hemor rhagic fever" in Africa. There is no such disease. Soul-mate not cellmate Karim Lackey, Philadelphia, PA was acquitted last week of fatally guess Phillip Shirdan, 42, after his lawyer claimed that Lackey had been the victim of "mistaken identity." Two of Lackeys alibi witnesses claimed they were with him watching the "Soul Train Music Awards" on TV at the time Shirdan was killed in a lounge.

Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay

prostate gland pubic louse is the gland below a mans bladder that produces fluid for se manpower. Prostate crabmeat is common among older manpower. Prostate cancer is a silent killer, and because it grows slowly, many men have no idea its there It is rare in men younger than forty. Risk factors for developing prostate cancer include being over sixty five years of age, family history, being African American, and well up-nigh genetic changes. There is an estimated of 241,740 new cases and 28,170 deaths from prostate cancer in the United States in 2012 (National Cancer Institute, 2011). Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men, behind skin cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men especially in African American men. one out of six men go forth be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. For testple, if youre at home having a cookout with 11 of your friends, its credibly that two of you at some register in your lives volit ion be diagnosed with prostate cancer. and If youre an African-American man, those odds increase to nearly one in five.Prostate cancer affects African American men twice as often as Caucasian men the mortality rate among African American is also twice as high. African American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer of any ethic group in the world. In the African American community men are at high happeniness due to low socioeconomic status, and not getting cancer concealment because of no health insurance. With the increased essence of men being diagnosed each year it is shocking that many men still avoid visiting the doctor because it makes them uncomfortable and they are afraid of what the results will be even when some clinics give free prostate cancer screening. While prostate cancer screening test can have antidromic results even when cancer is not present, it is important for men to have prostate screening done.prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is employ, but there are many factors that can influence the outcome of the PSA test. Medications such as antihistamines, physical exertion or recent ejaculation can raise a PSA level.Another test for early detection of prostate cancer has been the digital rectal exam (DRE). Although, DRE is a better method for early detection, it is also a hindrance among men, particularly African-American men, to screening and early detection According to American Cancer Society (ACS) and American Urological Association (AUA), the PSA and DRE should be offered annually for all men beginning at age 50. However, they also recommend that African-American men with a family history of prostate cancer should begin testing by age 45. Early intervention is the key to a 5 year extract rate. Prognosis of prostate cancer diagnosed at an early stage is noted as being optimistic. Despite these credible statistics, free pr ostate cancer screening and early detection remains a problem area for many health deal practitioners when it comes to the African American population (Plowden 2009) Madeline Leiningers Sunrise archetype has been used in many studies over the past twenty years.Between 1999 and 2008, over 200 citations of articles were noted using Leininger Theory (McEwen, 2011). She postulated that nurses should attempt to increase companionship related to the veneration of people who value their ethnical heritage and way of life (McEwen, 2011). The Leininger Sunrise Model of cultural diverseness is used to obtain entry with prostate cancer screening among African-American men the goal has been to build a relationship of cooperation between clients and health fright workers. Educating the men as well as examining their fears and anxieties is useful in removing barriers of resistance and gaining trust, thus empowering the client (McEwen, 2011). The Health Belief Model (HBM) postulates a person s perception of disease brat and benefits of taking action will predetermine taking action (Rivers, 2009). The HBM is used to determine the African American male understanding of prostate cancer and to find out factors that would motivate that population to seek screening and treatment of prostate cancer.The HBM has been used to design intervention to educate as well as facilitate entry to screening and treatment (Rivers, 2009). Leiningers Theory of cultural care diversity is a middle range theory that is based upon the major concepts of culture, culture care and understanding the differences as well as the similarities to transcultural human care. Her other major concepts of transcultural care are, caring, and ethic views, the agreement of health care, the professional system of care and culturally congruent nursing care. (McEwen, 2011) The strength of Leininger Theory lies in the fact that it is a holistic theory seeking to cover both the diversity and universality of nursing care concepts. Caring aspects within and between cultures must include the acknowledgement of the similarities and differences. The theory has been widely used within the credibility and sanction ability of data gained from research (McGee, 1994). Because the Leininger Theory places emphasis on cultural sensitivity and cultural congruence, it can be said that cultural knowledge will improve care.However, because the approach fails to take into account a political and structural inequality of minorities and focuses on differences and deficits, it can be construed that the culture itself is the problem. The possibility of reinforcing stereotypes and increasing the falling out between provider and patient may actually make the care aspect less than culturally safe (Ori, 2005). Leininger Theory can be used in a wide range of modalities when considering the problem of prostate screening. When examining the focus of this clinical problem i.e., how to get increased participation from a h igh attempt group to prostate cancer screening, Plowden reached several conclusions that are applicable to todays practice for advance nurse practitioners. For example, African-American men were more likely to seek screening and participate in the treatment process if 1.) There was a perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer and that threat was perceived as severe in life threatening or disabling. 2.)There were perceived benefits to the screening such as early detection and accurate diagnosis. 3.) There were no perceived barriers. 4.) Sufficient triggers need to exist to motivate behavior (Plowden, 2009). When applying these findings to advanced nurse practitioners practices, it can be said that men in the high risk groups must first be educated on the risks of prostate cancer. They need to understand the implications involved with failure to be screened. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are very important to the 5 year survival post diagnosis. Screening is essential to th e quality of life for a person diagnosed with prostate cancer. For example, modus vivendi changes would have to be made after a radical prostectomy versus a chemo radiation treatment of a localized slow growing tumor. When health care professionals can successfully manage to remove or go around barriers, whether real or perceived, the goal of seeking medical intervention is improved.Health care professionals can attempt to established sufficient triggers so that the behavior can be motivated to attain compliance to screening. The advanced nurse practitioners challenge will be to first establish trust and reputation as a caregiver who cares and is approachable educate the population of the high risk group to the benefits of early detection versus late discovery provide easy access to screening and the follow up phase of the intervention and maintain confidentiality. colleague group discussions with professionals have shown to aid in getting better compliance (Plowden, 2009). The Afri can-American males decision making process when considering prostate cancer screening is influenced greatly by cultural mores and beliefs. These cultural beliefs often lead to a lower rate of compliance to free screening versus all other races i.e. Caucasians, etc. Leisinigers cultural diversity theory can be used to effectively educate and increase compliance by teaching practitioners ways to overcome these cultural barriers. By following the concepts of care, caring, and understanding feelings of self, as well as the feelings of others, it is possible to overcome cultural barriers.Works CitedCherath, Lata, et al. Prostate Cancer. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit Gale, 2011. 3578-3584. Gale Virtual point of reference Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. LATEST RESEARCH Faster Prostate Cancer Growth In Black Men?. Prostate Disorders (2011) 31. Health Source Consumer Edition. Web. 7 Dec. 2012 Prostate Cancer. National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. .

Allegory of the Cave Summary and Response Essay

Marlo Diorio Dr. Mishra College Writing I Allegory of the Cave Allegory of the Cave, written by Plato, is news report that contrasts the differences between what is in integrity and what is perceived. He opens with Glaucon talking to Socrates. He has Glaucon imagine what it would be like to be chained down in a cave, non able to see anything other than what is in front of him. He tells a story of men that were trapped in a cave and were prisoners to the truth. These prisoners have hardly seen shadows.But because of their ignorance, these slaves to the cave believe that the shadows be real. The story goes on to say that one of the men has been dragged discover of the cave. He is not happy to see the real world, yet upset because he is being taken away from all that he knows. As he approaches the outside, he is blinded by the sunlight that he has never seen. The sunlight can be interpreted as actual sun or as knowledge, making the journey rather painful in mental and physical w ays. The prisoner wants to return to his life as a peasant inside of the cave.When he is outside of the cave, he only wants to look at shadows and reflections, but later proceeds to look at actual objects surrounding him. Lastly, he looks at the sun itself, as he realizes that is what created this beautiful nature. The climax of the story is when the ma realized that he no longer has to worry about reality and reasoning, because he achieved the understanding of it. Eventually, he goes back to the cave. He is not greeted nicely back at the cave because he is seen to have taken a meaningless trip.The man who had seen the outside world took it upon himself to teach the others and lead them into understanding the truth of reality. The story finished by Socrates saying that the most qualified and wise people are the scoop out options for leading in government, like the prisoner who notice truth. Throughout the reading of this symbolic narrative, I found it easy to relate to my own life . This story can be taken as an extended fable with a great meaning. I took this story as, the hard path to take out of the cave, was like the pattern of life.It would never be an easy path to straits down, and it would take a lot of struggling. Only certain determined people will actually make it to the opposite side. Socrates says these most qualified people should be the ones to lead the public. I believe this is also true in todays society. I say this because when it comes to election time, we as a country are not going to vote for an uneducated lunatic. I believe that the president should be someone intelligent with good morals and very qualified.In pitch to reach that high point, you must go out of your comfort zone, like the prisoner did. In life, people go out of their comfort zones all of the time. Ive always believed that in order to achieve something youve never had/done, you must do something youve never done before, such as stepping out of your comfort zone. Only the best can be found when you make an attempt to extend yourself as a human being. I relate the cave in this story to the kind norm. No one wants to step out of it because I their life, the norm is all there is.I believe the shadows would represent all of the other things that could be out there, but they have no desire to go find out what they are. They are too comfortable with what they have and havent gone flavour for more. The cave is a comfort zone for the prisoners in Platos time and for teenagers today. Without the outside world, there is no curiosity, no marveling. I believe it is important to question everything, because with questions come answers. And when you find out something you didnt know, youre learning. Yes, ignorance is bliss, but ignorance wont make you president.

Monarchy vs Democracy Essay

Governments history may not exactly be known but it is safe to say that government is as old as human society itself. At some point in the past as the population grew in a particular area, on that point was pressure to have a system of laws that the society members had to follow since chaos would reign in a society if there is no organization luggage compartment to set guidelines to its constituents. Public order and maintenance of security is vital to every society.Larger populations would demand more complex set of rules and as society grows, governments excessively evolve. In different regions and in certain points of time, different types of government flourished. It should in addition be mentioned that government is constantly changing as history had shown.Monarchy is a flesh of government which was very common during ancient and medieval times. Supreme power is bestowed on an individualistic and it can be absolute or nominal. The head of differentiate of a land with th is kind of government often holds the title for life or until abdication. The leader, who is called a monarch butterfly, is wholly set apart from all other members of the state. The monarch typically confounds all the law and decisions (legislative, judicial, and executive).The above is in definite contrast to Democracy. Democracy is a type of government carried out by the nations people either, directly or indirectly. A rare subtype is Direct Democracy but only feasible to a miserable area and with a small population. The common way of practicing this type of government is by giving the power to govern to elect representatives.Democracy is based on a principle of equality and freedom. Equality defined in terms where all citizens are all equal before the law. Basically, positions and statuses do not matter when one breaks the law, he or she is subject to sanctions. Monarchy is different in a way that higher officials especially the monarch are often not restricted by the law since they make the law themselves without further deliberation.All citizens of a democratic nation are promised certain legitimized freedoms and liberties, which are generally protected by a constitution. Monarchy may also give this privilege but it all depends on the preferences and inclinations of the monarch.However, monarchy of the new times is not defined in terms of unlimited political power anymore as it has evolved to a more citizen-friendly government. Now there are constitutional monarchies and this somehow blurred the lines between the principles of democracy and the defining roots of monarchy.The common symptomatic of monarchy is that rule is passed on through the next of kin Hereditary Rule. This is in complete contempt to the principles of democracy where peoples choice is the governing code.Summary1. Monarchy is a form of government where a state is headed by a monarch bit democracy is a government headed by elected representatives. 2. Power and position is passe d through heritage and bloodline in Monarchy while democracy principally supports elections (peoples choice). 3. In monarchy, supreme power is given to an individual while in Democracy, the power to govern is directly or indirectly carried out by the people. 4. In Democracy, all is equal before the law while in Monarchy, the monarch is the law.

Goverment Review

Goverment Review Questions 1. A constitution is a document that creates the legal Framework for a government. 2. After the independence of Mexico Texas was policy-makingly a part of Mexico 3. Although many delegates to the 1875 convention were business professionals, farmers interest had an overwhelming influence. 4. Name the Texas constitution that allowed Blacks in Texas the right to vote Radical Reconstruction 5. The constitution of the majority rule of Texas was influenced by The U. S. Constitution 6. African Americans earned the right to vote in Texas with ratification of the 1869 constitution 7.Texas joined the Confederacy in 1861 8. The Republic of Texas was created in 1836 9. infra the Republic of Texas, slavery was legalized 10. The Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was written under rule by the Mexican constitution of 1824 11. In order to legally secede from the unify States, Texas would need 12. The Texas constitution differs from the U. S. Constitution in length and p rocess in choosing judges 13. In Texas, schools are governed at the municipal level. 14. Voting rights in Texas were before limited by the use of Poll taxes 15.The Texas constitution has been amended 400 times, compared to 27 times for the U. S. Constitution. 16. Poll taxes, used in Texas until 1966, limited the balloting rights of minorities 17. Elections of Texas governors and of be on and commission members are staggered, leading to the 18. The Texas constitution can be described as being very detailed 19. Amendments to the Texas constitution with only a limited, local anesthetic anesthetic impact are voted on by all Texas citizens 20. The 1974 attempt to reform the Texas constitution was largely impeded by those wishing to gain independence 21.The traditionalistic and individualistic political subculture supported Conservative establishment. 22. The main lobbying opponent of the trial lawyers lobby has been the Texas Medical Association 23. Public interest groups are most p ossible to use funding pathway. 24. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has tended to use the courts pathway. 25. The Religious Right has come to direct the Republican Party and its political agenda in Texas in the last two decades. 26. Texas elected no governor to statewide office between 1874 and 1961. 27.According to one scholar, bifactionalism in Texas resulted in change magnitude influence for interest groups 28. Define realignment. A major shift in political party support or identification that usually occurs around a critical election. 29. In 2002, the districts drawn by the Legislative Redistricting Board helped draw new districts that favored republicans 30. 45th governor of State of Texas Ann Richards 31. Methods that were used to limit voting rights for minorities in Texas Poll Taxes 32. The function of political action committees is to raise money 33.A tend finance disclosure law passed in Texas in 1973 mandates limits on campaign 34. General Law Cities in Texas have fewer than Residents 35. The type of city government most based on the separation-of-powers principle is the mayor- council government 36. The operation of local governments in Texas is dictated by the legislature and the state constitution 37. General-law cities have fewer than 5,000 citizens and lack the power of legislation 38. The strong mayor form of municipal government in Texas more closely resembles Houston than city government. 9. The strong mayor form of government, though common elsewhere in the U. S. , is only found in what major city in Texas? Houston 40. The city commission form of municipal government reflects its origins in its Fragmented executive 41. Municipal elections in Texas are overwhelmingly nonpartisan 42. City governments rely on regressive taxes for funding. 43. Cities often finance projects through the use of voter-approved sales tax increase 44. What are General certificate of indebtedness bonds? Government bonds used to financ e construction projects.The bonds, which required voter approval, are repaid with taxes revenues. 45. Judicial activities in counties are carried out primarily by the county courts- at- law 46. In smaller counties, the primary law enforcement duties are carried out by the sheriff 47. The county official responsible for receiving and disbursing county funds is the county treasurer 48. The primary source of funding for councils of government in Texas is Regressive taxes 49. Define Spoke Annexation- the ability cities to expand their boundaries 50. Texas cities can annex an area up to 10% of their territory in a given year.

Bottle Biology

Bottle Biology Project I made a two-layered bottle ecosystem. In the bottom layer, at that place is an aquatic ecosystem. In the aquatic ecosystem, there is one organism a goldfish. In the height layer, there is a land ecosystem. There are more plants and other pudding flowers. This is a good example of two organisms from different ecosystems. There were non as many steps as I view there would be involved in building the bottle itself. First I emptied out two two liters of pop. I then cut onward the tops of both bottles, and threw out one of the bases.In the leftover base, I poured water, aquatic gravel, and a fake plant for the fish. I then put the fish in its new happy home. In order to feed him, I cut out a flap leading to the water that I female genital organ put fish food in. After that, I began working on the top layer. I placed one of the tops, with the cap still on, about fractional an inch into the original base. I taped it securely into the base, to ensure that the w hole upper layer would not crush the fish. Then I put my plants into the half-built top layer. After that I placed my second bottle top on top of the base, creating another funnel.I taped the top securely on, finishing the bottle. I nooky screw and unscrew the cap whenever I need to give the plant water. Both the fish and plant do not need much affectionateness for. The plant needs a little bit of water every day, and the fish needs food about twice a day, but that is not nearly what I thought it would take to maintain these organisms. I enjoyed this project it was very interesting to make two small ecosystems. If I had the chance to do it again with two different organisms I would definitely do it. AJ Keith 5/19/11 Period 3

Perceptual Map Marketing Essay

The purpose of this document is to illustrate the randomness contained within the perceptual Map Marketing simulation and relate to its information as practical and important. Contained in the simulation were ternion phases, each of significant importance. We allow include in this document the situation, the recommended solutions and the results.We will discuss the three-fold marketing aspects that were revealed within the simulation and we will attempt to create satisfactory responses to the various questions which arise out of the relationships between differentiation and attitude of harvest-tides or go and what the impact of the product life cycle on marketing is. It is the hope that after reading this document there will be a top concept of what the results of this simulation were and how they be applicable to the papers mission. All good things have a story and Cruiser Thorr was no exception.We learned near the meaning behind the bike. The simulation showed how to crea te and use a perceptual map using the bike as a primordial example. When using the perceptual Map it then became make headwayly more evident which direction the marketing goals should take to carry on its back the heart and soul of the Morotcycle brand. In selling thousands of motorcycles a year the Thorr Motocycle company has created a client base capable of supporting their imense variety of choice that is given to the consumer. Everything from the type of engine to how legion(predicate) people can ride the bike.They sell accessories such as protective gear, clothing and even little models for children. The services they offer to their customers are that you would expect from a first rate bike shop. Our task is to set up a positioning strategy, a perceptual map and create the parameters that will become spanking to the product as it will be the customers only information before making a major purchase. For decades now the industry of motorized bikes have been on the ries. Even with this evident truth backed by consumer research the top selling item that Thorr Motorcycles is creating seems to be dwindeling.The logical conclusion that we are coming to to is that their organise customers are in the decades of their 30s till almost 60s and through the proccess of life seem to have lost interests in what Thorr stands for. No longer are these men rebels or out to be wild as Steppenwolf would say. Any consumers who are younger are simply not capable of affording the high price tag associated with a Thorr bike which ranges in the high 20 to low 30 thousand dollar range. Younger riders are more apt to buy less expensive, speedy riding bikes that are the exact opposite of the image that Thorr stands for.We are going to solidify Cruiser thorrs postion in the market by creating its Perceptual map. There are four basic parameters that are relevant to the stainless scheme of biking industry which reflect the highest chances for Cruiser Thorrs survival. These are th e four parameters modus vivendi image, product design and styling, service offerings, and price. The selection of lifestyle image is almost a no brainer as it is the backbone of the Cruiser Thorrs previous success. The entire bikes thriving record is built upon a re aimation that having their bike is a status symbol.The same occasion that people buy Starbucks preferably of simply brewing their own coffee at home. Unlike separate industries, transportation specfically speaks to the identity of the person who has the item. They will spend much of their time utilizing their vehicle. In no vehicle type is this more relevant than in bikes where people will see the bike and there will be no windows, walls, or doors hiding the rider from the world. Everyone will see who the rder is and that is why Product Design nd Styling are so vital to its success. The bike and the rider are one.Man and machine moving along the pavement together. The service offerings are probably the most second imp ortant aspect to a vehicle other than the price. Maintanence and such can get very expensive very quickly. Assuring that you are taking care of you customers and looking out for their well being is primary in the grand scheme of all things. At the end of the thought of course is always the most important aspect. Cost and price. The price is affected by many, many things. Among these things is engineering, construction, materials, labor, transport of the bike itself.The whole purpose for this bikes creation is ot make money. To make money you must have a clear marketing plan. Due to this obvious fact we have restructured Cruiser Thorr and decided to not create a new bike. It is imperative to keep the Cruiser Thorr in production if Thorr is going to keep making motorcycles. It is the bike that has built their empire. It would be as if Levis stopped selling 501 Jeans. We instead create a backing option that gives the consumers with less money an opportunity to own a Cruiser Thorr.With increased service options will be able to make rational consciousness of the high price that we will be able to keep at the same price. For advertising it would probably be a good idea to put some endorsements in race tracks, hook up with a popular drink brand like MONSTER and maybe make a freak Bike that can ride around. We can also take a page out of the GM book and put our bikes into movies and on television for product placement. The current straegy is based on price, product, location, current pomotions and services offered.With the goal of repositioning the product in an attempt to remove the competions hold on the market because we will move the parameters into concurrent thought forms and proccesses making us and our strategies the same as the competition. We know that there are four key factors that are represented by forms in a products life cycle that are important for the marketing officer to know and understand. The four stages introduction, growth, maturity and dec line. Once a product reaches the stage of its full maturity it is time to revisit it with the hope of making improvements.If this is not done the product will very quickly enter the declining stages of its life cycle. This is the reason that Cruiser Thorr started to drop its sales figure. Their product had reached its maturity. Their current customers were old and any knew ones had no idea what Cruiser Thorr, the brand, stood for. For this reason we had to reinven and improve their bikes. It was necessary to compete. It is the hope that we have together reached and addressed the various key points necessary to form a graps of the information that was provided. We have described the three major phases in the simulation.The situation and the recommended solutions have been addressed along with what our results were. We have talked about the different marketing aspects and answered the different question sthat were arisen between the relationships of differentiation and positioning for each of the products and services and its impact. It was the desire of I to create a solid understanding of the purpose and use of Perceptual Maps in Marketing. References All information was taken from the Perceptual Map Marketing Simulation provided on the University of Phoenix website.

Management labor relations

Ladies and gentlemen, our professor dry. Carl Minoan, good morning As I stand here in front of you, Im passive wondering why the Labor (pertaining to the employees), and the Management (the employers), of the organizations are experiencing conflicts, misunderstanding, issues arising and other things that both parties opposed each others beliefs that tend to happen to build a Labor jointure on a specific organization, weird isnt?Because I did not experienced those things in my organization veritable(a) one time though I am auditory modality complaints from my colleagues. I will share something to you, when I was a newbie in the confederation that I am working with, as an auditor I was fit to checked and accessed all the necessary documents of our company, specifically the payroll. I disc everywhereed that not all employees were well compensated some are earning below minimum, we doesnt even scram much clears like health card, leaves more than 5 days, security of tenure, bon uses and allowance etc. But then nobody has the courage and strength to fight over the management to ask for those they believed that they should have been enjoying. I felt self-consciously bothered and concern to my fellow employees, that if they discover the big difference of their salary to those who are newbie, no experience young professionals and a newly grads from respected universities and colleges, they might feel envious and unfair for just earning such wages.Maybe because a lot of them are agoraphobic to lose their Job and might not be able to find a better job because mostly of my co-employees especially those who were at the age of asss and above, those in the company for 10 ears and above were not a college graduate and they said they were just lucky that they have their Job for living, though they have a survival of the fittest to leave the company.We are very few whom I believed lucky to earn and offered to have an aggressive Income. And most of them have a huge de bt to the company, because our boss allows them to valley an average of 10,000 for every senior or old employees whom our boss considered them as loyalist, and which everybody thinks that this is the way that the management strategy to consecrate their employee to stay longer.In our company we have our consume savings account, in which every payday it is deducted already on our salary and being deposited to our personal account, but we are not allowed to borrow It or get It even In the most In need situation, we are Just allowed to make cash advances to the company, but the approval of the amount of the cash advances that you can borrow to the company really depends on our boss, considering the reason why are you borrowing a money, your position, your years of working in the company, your revises vale and your performance but if she is angry or not k with you, your request to have a cash advance might be rejected.Yes we have salary Increase, the management every six months reapp raisal the salary of the employees, and the increase depends to the performance of course, but the big factor for them to Increase your salary is if they like you or not. If they had a bad experience with you even once or even simple mistake youve made that they really did not forget, I tell you, just wait ND pray to the government to make a salary increase and thats the only way for you experience it. Our management was really very smart most of the time they make the Increase as part of allowance of the employee so that it will not be Included in other employees.Those people who hold a team or position, plane section heads and supervisors are those lucky that the management is giving importance, and giving what we deserved. And I can definitely say that they would really be a pro management. As I go along and Im gaining cogniseledge about Labor Unions, I wish hat my co-employees especially those whom I believed need more than they are getting, for they have a definitely not an e asy Job, they should ask help of those strong trade articulations outside the organization, to help them to bargain their needs to the company for their own sake and for the benefit of the majority.This company really needs a strong labor union. To the management, if they want to keep their employees welfare, they should give what their employees needs because through this the management is not Just help their employees, but this could play a major ole in the company, the employees will and might be an asset of the company by working so hard because they are getting what they think they deserved to have and this serves as a motivation to the workers.Conflict will be minimized strikes and boycotting will be prevented. Though we all know that salaries and wages are part of companys expenses, but employees are also an asset to the company, without them, production and operation will not be possible, every worker are important, every individual in the organization is essential. And as an auditor of the company I could ay that the company is really earning a lot, and these employees should exercise their rights.I could say, even if the labor union does not exist in the company, both the labor and the management should have set a meeting or forum to talk about the destruction of both parties, whether for the sake of the company as a whole or as individual, through meetings of their department heads or managers, so that both parties needs and wants for a harmonious relationship and for both parties benefits could meet or else better seek help to outside labor or trade unions.

Environmental Pollution and Degradation

environmental debasement may be defined as the deterioration of the environment through depletion of re stems such as form, piddle and dishonor the destruction of ecosystems and the deadion of wildlife. Environmental degradation has occurred due to the recent activities in the ho delectation of socio-economic, institutional and technologies. Environmental changes be dependent on numerous factors including economic growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising null use and transportation.Poverty still remains a problem at the root of several(prenominal) environmental problems. dis melt down to environmental issues problems There ar innumer sufficient issues and problems faced by the environment today. Due to rapid industrialization, strenuous usage of chemicals and lack of concern for the environment, today we be facing several problems. These issues should be dealt with immediately else adult male may have to face serious repercussions. Environmental degradation is a r esult of socio-economical, technological and institutional activities.Degradation occurs when Earths subjective resources be depleted. These resources which be affected implicate Water Air domain CAUSES The causes of environmental degradation are often as complex the problems that military issue. The primary cause is benevolent disturbance. The degree of the environmental touch on varies with the cause, the habitat, and the plants and animals that inhabit it. There are many causes of environmental degradation. These include. Environmental changes are based on many factors including Urbanization Population growth Economic growth Intensification of agriculture Increase in energy use Causes of Environmental contaminant Increased and uncontrolled human activities interchangeable industries, transportation, agriculture, health care, dwelling, and energy generation are some of the causes of environmental befoulment. Several industries interch angeable textile, steel, paper, sugar, food, petroleum, cement industries, and chemical industries and causes soil or undercoat pollution, institutionalise pollution, and wet pollution. Conclusion of environmental pollution is that the major cause for the environmental pollution is activities of valet de chambre.Industrial pollutants that causes pollution includes gases want cyanides, methane, carbon disulphides, carbon tetrachlo trip out, hydrochloric acids, hydrogen disulphides, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and sulphur dioxide and several sore(prenominal) liquid / solid compounds. advanced agriculture which uses Brobdingnagian scale of pesticides and fertilizers causes soil pollution and pollution of drinking water. Vehicular traffic let go excess amounts sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide are the major causes of mien pollution especi all toldy in cities.INCREASE IN TRANSPORTATION Increased and uncontrolled human activities like industries, transportati on, agriculture, health care, dwelling, and energy generation are some of the causes of environmental pollution. Several industries like textile, steel, paper, sugar, food, petroleum, cement industries, and chemical industries and causes soil or prop pollution, line of products pollution, and water pollution. Conclusion of environmental pollution is that the major cause for the environmental pollution is activities of humans.Industrial pollutants that causes pollution includes gases like cyanides, methane, carbon disulphides, carbon tetrachloride, hydrochloric acids, hydrogen disulphides, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and sulphur dioxide and several new(prenominal) liquid / solid compounds. neo agriculture which uses large scale of pesticides and fertilizers causes soil pollution and pollution of drinking water. Vehicular traffic psyc yearningherapeutic excess amounts sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide are the major causes of air pollution especially in cities. Water and air HABITAT FRAGMENTATIONHabitat fragmentation carries long term environmental oppositions some of which wad repose entire ecosystems. An ecosystem is a distinct unit and includes all the living and non-living elements that reside within it. Plants and animals are intelligible members, precisely it will in addition include opposite comp unmatched(a)nts on which they rely on such as streams, lakes, and soils. ACID RAIN Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide from coal plant emissions combines with moisture present in the air. A chemical reaction creates this acid precipitation. Acid rain arouse sour and pollute lakes and streams. It causes correspondent effects to the soil.If enough acid rain falls in a given environment, it can acidify the water or soil to a point where no life can be sustained. Plants turn over off. The AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF animals that depend upon them disappear. The condition of the environment deteriorates. Agricultural runoff is a deadly sourc e of pollutants which can degrade environments,. Surface water washes over the soil and into lakes and streams. When it does so, it carries the fertilizers and pesticides used on the farm lands into water resources. Obviously, introducing poisons into water moods will have dire consequences.Fertilizers whether or non they are organic carry equal risks. urban DEVELOPMENT Urban development is the primary cause of environmental degradation. As populations increased, so did the need for land for homes and farms. Wetlands were drained. Environmental degradation is one of most urgent of environmental issues. Depending upon the damage, some environments may never recover. The plants and animals that live these channelizes will be lost forever. We do not have to look far to see the impacts of environmental degradation on our Earth.DEFORESTATION Cutting down massive forests impacts our biosphere. . Deforestation, wasting resources, and pollution all add to the demise of an environmentall y-sound and safe planet. For example, when trees in forests are cut down in large quantities, so that more homes can be built on the land, the birds and wildlife who lived in the forest must find a new place to live. Unfortunate Impacts of Environmental Degradation The degradation also impacts our Wildlife Plants Animals Micro-organisms When factories produce harmful chemicals and toxic fling off into bodies of water, humans suffer.Pesticides and fertilizers can also get into a regions water system and pollute it. Drinking water is contaminated. almost residing in third- domain of a function countries are highly effected by the degradation of our planet and these unhealthy practices cause the next Illnesses Death in children Death in adults POVERTY . People are finding less nutrient food to eat. , especially those around the Equator, are vulnerable to weather changes, water shortages, and urbanization. All of these factors are change magnitude the health and lives of thousands .Some scientists and environmentalists are asking that non-food items and agriculture waste be used as alternative evoke for vehicles instead. LOSING EARTHS BEAUTY As humans dump waste products, use chemicals, and over fish in the oceans and seas, areas of truelove such as coral reefs are damaged. At sequences the destruction is so great that is cannot be reversed. We are killing our planet and the consequences are tremendous. How to Stop Degradation There are ways which you can help to decrease degradation in our environment. Some of these include Purchase recycled products Conserve water Do not litter or toss waste into conflicting places Conserve energy Join an cognisance group Talk with others about the impacts of environmental degradation Be an advocate to save our planet Factors touch on Envi 1. Destruction of natural resources Agricultural development and farming activities contribute, to soil wear, land salination and loss of nutrients. The green vicissitude and over exploitation of land and water resources, and use of fertilizers and pesticides have increased to many folds resulting in land degradation and water logging. 2. Effects of Environmental Degradation 1.Loss of biodiversity The extermination of plant and animal species will firmly affect the ecosystem it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and lead to the loss of genetic resources. 2. Environmental changes Global warming is the result of ozone depletion which is responsible for perhaps 300,000 additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1. 7 million cases of cataracts and may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters. 3. Hazardous waste deed Diseases are spread by uncovered garbage and drains the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more localized, but often acute.Wastes affect productivity causing pollution of groundwater resources. 4. Soil erosion has increased due to deforestation. 5. modality has become warmer in the deforested regions due to lack of humidity. 6. Floods and droughts have become frequent. 7. Pattern of rainfall has been changing. 8. Pollution due to increased levels of chlorofluorocarbons and nitrogen oxides cause depletion of ozone layer in the stratosphere. 9. Acid rain is the indirect impact of air pollution. 10. Use of pesticides makes the soil toxic for plants. 11. hulky amount of organic matter causes eutrophication. 12. Thermal zonation caused by hot water affects migration of aquatic animals due to thermal barriers. Environmental pollution can be defined as the deleterious effects or changes that causes disturbance to the existing environment and affects the components of the environment. Find below the causes, effects, and conclusion of environmental pollution. Presence of unsafe unnatural components that causes imbalance to the ecosystems and health hazards to animals and human beings is called pollution.Pollution affects the all the components of environment that mainly includes soil (land), water, an d air Effects of Environmental Pollution Health problems due to environmental pollution ranges from the skin fretfulnesss and unproblematic vomiting to brain tumors, intestinal cancer, and other cancers, from simple fever to the fatal hepatitis, from normal throat irritation to the deadly heart diseases. Air pollution affects the human health and is associated with problems of lungs, throat, respiratory problems, cancer etc.Water pollution of water causes health problems like gastric problems in human, affects the life aquatic organism, etc. Foods that we consume are polluted due to the use of polluted water and use of pesticides, or microbial activities. Many persistent pesticides that cipher into the food chain accumulate in the human and animal bodies at larger concentrations and affect the health. Soil pollution due to various hazardous solids and liquids creates imbalances to soil ecosystems and affects the vegetation and habitats of living organisms. Conclusion of environm ental pollution effects s it is a major concern of human and animal health and affects the entire ecosystem. So keeping in view of effects of environmental pollution humans and government should take several measures to prevent pollution and incorporate stringent laws to prevent environmental pollution. Environmental Issues Problems Conservation of speciesConservation of water, air and the natural habitat of animals and plants to curb their extinction. Over the last fewdecades several plants and animal species have become extinct which has led to a loss of biodiversity on the planet.Climate Change Due to global warming effect the climate has changed significantly over the last century. Extreme temperatures are bringing about never before seen natural calamities like frequent draught and flooding Energy CrisisExcessive usage of fossil fuels has led to depletion in these fuels. Usage of alternate fuel will help conserve fossil fuel. Exploitation of Natural ResourcesLarge scale defores tation has led to loss of vegetation. This in turn has affected rainfall, caused land degradation, soil erosion and changed the planet surface.Nuclear IssuesUsage of nuclear power has caused major changes in the climate and composition of soil, water and air. This in turn has changed the habitat for birds, animals which migrate to other places in search of a good habitat and sometimes become extinct. Radioactive Nuclear waste needs to be dealt with in a puritanical way so that it does not affect the environment. OverpopulationOverpopulation is a major global environmental issue. As the population of the knowledge base is increasing more and more resources are used up and destroyed for human use, this has dented the environment.Appropriate measures should be interpreted to curb population explosion. PollutionLarge and itsy-bitsy industries and households discard industrial and household waste in water and in the atmosphere that is causing large scale pollution. This kind of pollut ion prevents proper growth of plant and animal species. Waste management is an important process of controlling pollution. CONCLUSION FOR environmental ISSUES PROBLEMS Continuous damage has been caused to the environment over the centuries. It is important to make consolidated efforts to control degradation of envi HOW TO hitch DEGRADATION There are ways which you can elp to decrease degradation in our environment. Some of these include Purchase recycled products Conserve water Do not litter or toss waste into inappropriate places Conserve energy Join an awareness group Talk with others about the impacts of environmental degradation Be an advocate to save our planet CONCLUSION Air pollution affects all life on Earth, from trim a plants ability to produce food to acidifying lakes and killing fish, to causing human disease and death.The complexity of air pollution with its many causes requires a multi-faceted approach that involves not only industry control but conservation practi ces by citizens as well. it is impossible that one can control environmental pollution but one can control ones own surrounding by throwing garbage in proper place, can ride cycle to nearby places and this motto should be followed by separately and every person . What do you baseborn by Money is a System of Power? Money is one of the most extraordinary of human inventions. As a means of exchange it makes modern commerce possible and is one of the most ripe of institutions.As an instrument of power it can support the most insidious and destructive of tyrannies, particularly when the processes of its creation and extinction are hidden from public view and shielded from public accountability. Money, a mere number of no inherent substance, utility, or worth created from nothing with an accounting entry when a till creates a loan, shapes the gold rush and bust cycles of economic life. Its international flows determine the fate of nations. Individuals who have it in large supply re spect lives of grand opulence in the midst of scarcity.Those who lack it face death by starvation in the midst of plenty. roleThe function of cash as medium for exchange required that cash acts as a measure of care for, otherwise how else would we know how a good deal one item is measured in terms of other items? So human need to facilitate exchange is what gave rise to the role of cash as both measure of value and medium of exchange. So far there would be little or no argument as to what currency is or its role. As measure, coin in and by itself has no value except in terms of the goods and services you can get in exchange for giving up an amount of that money.As a measure, money also is a neutral medium where it only shows how much each commodity is worth in relation to another commodity. A videotape measure is the same tape measure whether you are measuring carpet, a pipeline, or how tall or short you are. The value is not in the tape except for the function of standard m easuring it appends. It is in what the tape is measuring, and such a value is weighed in relative terms. The distance a taxi travels is measured in terms of money which the driver gets in return for the services of traveling such a distance, which is the same amount of money the passenger pays the driver in return for the service.Neutrality of money is a guarantee that money does not alter the terms of exchange as the relative value of things would be measured of how much one is impulsive to sacrifice in terms of one commodity in return for another. Once neutrality of money is violated then its very role in facilitating exchange and promoting economic growth of producing more and devour more in and by itself is compromised. Placing value on money itself then becomes a distorting factor where things are no longer only weighed in terms of relative values to buyers and giveers.A new player comes into play where terms of exchange are now affected by how much value a money supplier places on that money where money abandons the role it was created for to become a commodity in itself. intent Of commercialised Banks In The Economic Development Of A Country Presentation Transcript 1. o1. Banks promote nifty formation o2. Investment in new enterprises o3. Promotion of apportion and industry o4. Development of agriculture o5. equilibrate development of diametrical regions o6. Influencing economy activity o7. Implementation of Monetary policy o8. Monetization of the economy o9. exporting promotion cells . Role of Commercial Banks in the Economic Development of a Country o3. Promotion of care and industry oWith the growth of commercial banking, there is vast expansion in trade and industry. oThe use of bank draft, check, bill of exchange, credit cards and letters of credit etc has revolutionized both national and international trade. 3. Role of Commercial Banks in the Economic Development of a Country o4. Development of agriculture oThe commercial banks parti cularly in developing countries are now providing credit for development of agriculture and small scale industries in bucolic-bred areas. The provision of credit to agriculture sector has greatly helped in raising agriculture productivity and income of the farmers. globalization and the Indian Economy Indian markets have been transformed relatively as there is addition of entire range of goods in the recent years. These rapid transformations can be understood by analyzing the various aspects like- 1) Production across countries Before the middle of the twentieth century, production was largely organized within countries. au naturel(p) materials, food stuff and finished products were crossing the boundaries. Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries.This was before large companies called multinational corporations emerged pm the scene. Whence the goods and services are produced globally and production is organized in more and more complex ways. The production proce ss is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe. The advantages o f spreading out production across the borders to the multinationals can be truly immense. 2) Interlinking production across countries Almost all MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets where there is masterly and unskilled labour available at low costs and where the availability of other factors of production is assured.The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment. Investment made by MNCs is called unlike investment. At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. MNCs provide money for additional investments like buying new machines for faster production and they might bring with them the a la mode(p) technology for production. As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked. 3) Foreign trade and integration of markets Foreign trade has be en the main hannel for connecting countries. It is an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. Producers can snitch their produce not only in markets locate within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the innovation. Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.Therefore, foreign trade results in connecting the markets of integration of markets in different countries. ) By understanding the significance of globalization Globalization means integrating the Indian economy with the world economy. In the process India becomes economically interdependent with other countries at the global or international level. It seeks remotion of trade barriers. There are various features of globalization they are 1. Many producers from other countries can sell their goods and services in India. 2. India can also sell its goods a nd services in other countries. 3. Businessmen of other countries can establish their enterprises in India, produce goods for sale within the country or to other countries as export. . In the same way entrepreneurs from India can also invest in other countries. 5. Globalization includes not only movement of capital and goods but also allows exchange of technology experience and laborers from one country to other and 6. In pursuance of this policy government of India has removed restrictions on imports of goods, reduced taxes 5) Factors enabled globalization speedy improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalization process. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.There have been remarkable developments in information and communication technology. Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. Removing barriers or restrict ions set by the government is what is know as liberalization. The government imposes much less restrictions than before and is therefore said to be more liberal. 6) WTO meaning and its functions It was set up in 1995 by the member countries of the United Nation to promote trade among countries.Headquarter is located in Geneva. It has influenced the liberalization and globalization processes in most of the developing countries, including India. It aims at conducting international trade among countries of the world in an open uniform and non-discriminating manner. WTO allows free trade to all, in practice, in developed countries. On the other hand, it rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers. 7) Impact of Globalization in India Globalization has taken an important place in the Indian economy for the last fifteen years.Globalization in combination with greater competition among producers internal as well as external, has been of greater advantage to consume rs, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. Although the impact of globalization has not been uniform, because, MNC have increased their investments in India during the last fifteen years, which has turn out to be beneficial to India. Mushrooming of industries like cell phones, automo iles electronics, soft drinks, fast food or services, via MNCs have created new avenues. It has given an opportunity to the raw material suppliers to prosper too.On the other hand, the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition by investing in new technology and production methods and raised(a) their production standards. Moreover, globalization has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals themselves Some of the Indian companies which are spreading their operations world-wide are Tata-Motors (automobiles), Infosys (IT), Ranbaxy (Medicines), Asian Paints (Paints). It has created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT.But for a large number of small producers and workers, globalization has posed major challenges. Globalization and the pressure have also posed a nemesis to the workers jobs, as they are not secure any more. Workers are low and workers are forced to work overtime to make both ends meet. The workers are sometimes denied their fair share of benefits which is brought about by globalization. 8) The struggle for a fair globalization Globalization has not benefited everyone by way of not giving the best of the new opportunities and have not shared the proper benefits.Fair globalization would create opportunities for all and ensure the benefits of globalization are shared better. It is possible if government takes major steps in this respect. The policies should be framed to protect the interests of all the people in the country, such as labour laws are correctly implemented and thus the workers get their rights. By supporting small producers to improve t heir performance till the time they become strong enough to compete.

The contemporary versus the historic

Interventions, the contemporaneous versus the past, timeless or tendency, sympathetic or indurate?An jut into the relativeship amidst past architecture and fresh-day intercessions, An penetration into Britishness and the contention of changing diachronic buildings. on that point be presently a atomic reactor of high profile physiques which involve an atomic number 53time(a) building deriving a brisk add-on, an fiction creation the programs for the Tate Modern art g altogetherery point of reference, ( trope ) which has been re twain(prenominal)y dis pukeed and weed a split in judgements, except wherefore? Is it imputable to the proposed construction beingness much(prenominal) a oppose to the bing ex-industrial p bothet of brick and masonry or is it due to the great unwashed non wishing the esthetical of the rude(a) image, or is it virtuallything distinct all together. Why atomic number 18 these type of chores so controersial? What is it ab protrude the deliberate contrast of ingenuity that separates diehards from neoist minds so strongly? Are these erstwhile(a) constructions being hired go against with their newly add-ons or is it save a craze, which similar Modernism go forth intend the constructions may be seen as useless or uneffective constructions that will be demolished and re baffled in a affair of decennaries.Under tolerateing this theory better involves looking at why these edifices absorb had contemporaneous add-ons added to the bing construction, whether they defend been rheniums purposed, saved from destruction, been given a new rental of life, or go for provided been enlarged. Looking at unique(predicate) congressmans will call back whether or non the add-ons adjudge been masteryful or un victorious and whether the fakeation has very been in the edifices better(p) involvements or is just portion of a tendency which is and an architectural gimmick , which may or may non stand the trial of clip.The junction between historic and Contemporary stuffs is likewise an of write factor of this meeting of modal values, for instance the protrudeer seat the Public Library in Landau, Ger legion(predicate), Lamott Architekten commented that the point of which the former outer wall has been pierce atomic number 18 rendered as lesions. , Does the slightness of the unity between stuffs consequence negative call in congenator to the historic edifice, does the new design have regard for the bing construction, whether or non there is any major translation of any historic quaver litigate, or any archetype characteristics which atomic number 18 covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these add-ons portion of the changeless extension of edifices that has occurred for 100s of honest-to-god ages, or is at that place just aboutthing about modern-day architecture that makes it different to ports of the yesteryear. Is it what some muckle see as the edifice organic fertiliserally mending and biasing, or is this motion a reaction to the recent environmental stance to architectural design, and but a dash to recycle honest-to- neatlyness edifice instead than pulverizing them, and changing them to be much energy efficient.Is there demand for a more than than restrictive or a more evaluate round d throw to be aftering for these sort of undertakings, or do the limitations mean that merely the best designs ar put frontward, and if ordinances were non in topographical point would numerous historic edifices would be ruined by severely designed or ill planned intercessions or is at that place merely to a fault much bureaucracy and junior-grade ordinances maintaining advancement to the b atomic number 18 lower limit and standing in the port of go throughmark undertakings. Would it be better for a edifice to be transformed into a modern-day useable edifice, when the option is for it be left to degrade and to be fo rgotten.In disquiet with Britain in suspicious is the corporate reservedness keeping modern-day architecture and advancement in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical edifices mental strain and confound our state s heritage, or is there a more positive sham on society that arse be seek from good designed modern-day architecture.The physical exercise of the word parameter plays a large portion of this argument, is this motion entirely about making a statement constituent of modern-day design merely to do an impact, or will it turn out to wield more deepness, and go something more lasting in the architectural institution. Is the fact that undertakings such(prenominal) as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum counterbalance take up out suggest that despite the contention that there is an overall speckle by bit altering vox populi as to how historic edifices are modified. The contrast between a term and an iconic edifice, is great, sess t hey of all time be combined to make something timeless.Chapter 1 How did the horizon of parsimony in architecture make love into being. How has the motion of adding to bing evolved over clip.In the argument of which method is better transition Restoration or extension. The more levelheaded option of Restoration, ( to utilize historically accurate edifice methods and stuffs to make a mimic of the bing ) , sack be seen as more sympathetic to the edifice. In a transition of a mediaeval normal library in Spain ( FiG ) it was commented that Through simple fix steps, carefully fitted to fit the edifice, and merely a few new add-ons, the ambiance and luster of the original edifice substance pervades ( Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33 )To understand the elevatedism behind the saving of overage edifices, in peculiar in the joined Kingdom, It mustiness fore to the highest degree be understood how and why the musical theme of edifices being protected came to go through. Phil Ven ning from the fellowship for the protection of quaint edifices explained that the stock of historical edifice saving stems from what the Victorians were making Between 1840 to 1870 there was a immense procedure of reconstructing churches and cathedrals. Half or all mediaeval churches were restored and the job was the nature of that Restoration. Take St Alburns church, non one individual rock from the original edifice was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete innovation that bore no relation to anything historical that existed onwards, so 100s of rare ages of echt tarradiddle were wiped clear up for the interest of something fantastical and wholly unneeded. ( Venning 09 ) Historical edifices frequently have a hanker and complicated yesteryear, some(prenominal) things that happened within the edifice are unk promptlyn, this enigma and inquire create a kind of fondness for the historic, architectural or oppo state of affairswise. There is a contradictio n in experiencing about historic things, Most peoples sentiment of emeritus artifacts is contradictory. For many the old frequently represents stagnancy and decay. On the new(prenominal) manus, the old is besides treated with a certain regard, recognizing the fact that the ageing procedure involves endurance in the face of troubles. The very fact that something has been conserved derriere excite admiration and contemplation. Possibly it is the acquaintance of old things that one values, and the perplexs which have contributed to their endurance over clip. The hints of ageing pile be perceived as a form of cultural individuality. ( Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007 )Looking back on peculiar fables of edifices that were added to or restored in the past understandably shows why certain protection was needed to move on historic edifices. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a really concluding lesson of how Victorian room add-ons could be unsympathetic to the original construction. Within Longleat s wrong are legion concealed nothingnesss, where new add-ons and interior layout alterations are fitted within the bing construction frequently go forthing immense nothingnesss which can merely be accessed through bantam service doors and are wholly stop off. One of the biggest nothingnesss in the edifice contains a beautiful clock face. It is hush up maintained, and is in unblemished workings couch, but really few people of all time see it, as in order to see the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of redness of history make pass to the creative activity of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877.One of the chief(prenominal) concerns of those opposed to this motion is the saving of historical purification, non being a precedence and how through these extremist modern add-ons it is being lost in order to make more of an nomadic manner, with less accent on a specific civilization as, due to plan and its consequence on communicating it is more internationalistic instead than national. Architects can direct work with edifices 1000s of stat mis off, and may hold neer personally visited the site in interrogatory, this fact entirely, along with many early(a) factors, including globalization manner that it is inevitable that some signifier of cosmopolitan manner is to develop. moreover, on the contrary to this it is seen that from each one edifice is developed based on its site, its context, including its yesteryear and historical value and its usage, intending that no two edifices could of all time be developed in the exact akin manner. ( quotation mark ) This means that using a cosmopolitan manner can neer be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period.Historically new manners were developed through travel and geographical expedition. The expansive circuit for illustration that took topographic point during the nineteenth century involved English Lords and designers researchi ng Europe, in order to be inspired by bing architecture and convey them back to Britain, wherefore the birth of the rebirth manner. The expansive tourers were really destructive in their geographic expedition, many splintering of inside informations from the edifices to maintain as souvenir and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misinterpretations and reinterpretations of Greek and papist architecture. An illustration of this being that many expansive places in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain Gods to seek shelter, so the inside was neer meant to be seen by the mean townsfolk. make places based on the design changes the construct behind the original signifier wholly. This is one of many illustrations of how the British reinterpreted another civilizations manner of architecture to make a new manner that is seen as quintessentially British.The intellection of adding to bing in a menstruum manner has been happening for centuries. some(prenominal) treasured edifices have been added to in different periods, for illustration Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which Major changes were do in the upstart eighteenth century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman replacements, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and eventually in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis. ( Peters 08 ) . This was before William Morris introduced Torahs to protect old edifices, and at that place was evidently non the aforesaid(prenominal) feeling of invaluableness that is felt with concern of old edifices as there is today. Chillham palace is an first-class illustration of how the whole edifice was changed depending on the manner that was in manner, In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house about throughout in Georgian manner. ( Peters 08 ) This was non of necessity ever the best for the edifice, nonetheless, In what has been termed an evil reconsideration Brandon put a repla cing oriel window over the front door, approximately resembling the original but utilizing his ain heavy design. ( Peters 08 ) . In the 1920 s Chillham palace was restored to its old Jacobean province every bit much as come-at-able, which while possibly scratching the edifice in its layout and overall coherency, had erased 100s of old ages of history. Therefore the fenestration alterations of the 18th and 19th centuries have been to the highest degreely swept off, and the remote lifts must look today well as they were originally in 1616 ( Peters 08 ) This is a different attack to flow redevelopment methods, in that in modern-day add-ons seek to heighten the historic, instead than replace the historic in order to accomplish the glossary of a historic edifice.During the 60s the motion of changing the historic, became more old(prenominal) to what modern-day add-ons try to make today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the sprea d with advanced resoluteness to recycle of old edifices, which is looked at further in Chapter 4.( demand to bridge spread between these paragraphs )These thoughts could be used with modern-day intercessions where by alternatively of experiencing frightened or intimidated by alteration of cute historic constructing personal credit line the British should encompass this new tendency, because if we do non so we will non develop a modern-day British manner, and that is what frightens us most.Chapter 2 How does the corporate British mind affect undertakings seeking to contrast old and new? Does the provision dodge have to alter to maintain the UK at the head of contemporary design?As discussed in chapter 1, the debut of limitations in changing old edifices has changed the manner in which they are preserved, and how architectural manner affects the old history. Planing Torahs can be restrictive in the redevelopment procedure. Many historical edifices are listed which mean that cert ain standards refering structural alterations and stuff usage have to be obeyed. It is hard to take chances whether or non these limitations are non altering plenty to maintain up with current demands of modern life such as unfastened program infinites and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the sentiment about execution of modern-day add-ons between be aftering governments differ. In Alain De Botton s book The architecture of felicity and his attach toing telecasting programme The perfect place non merely does he give illustrations of undertakings that strived to make a add-on, and fought a conflict with be aftering Torahs over the thought of modern-day being more appropriate that mock or salmagundi, but he besides looks into why medley may be the preferable pick, non merely by the contrivers but of Britain s superior world-wide cosmos. Public sentiment plays a large portion in a edifices success. Does the populace s sentiment in truth reflects the virtues of the edifice and the design, or is the public position still tainted with a wish of discernment of Contemporary manner design after the weaknesss of the Modernist motion. Is it still the safe but medley option that the general populace favor? Is the thought of adjustment in still deep set into the heads of people as being the more acceptable and hence the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern lodging stock. Pastiche has been able to conduct public violence with the UK s lodging. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everyplace, many are built by developers without even a audience with an designer. These edifices are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to affect less hazard. In this state in peculiar the conservative mentality appears to be keeping back the coeval in architecture but non in engineering or communicating or comfortss, what does this state about how we feel about the infinites we occupy.Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a twentieth Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or manners of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that individual, or that individuals society was missing, therefore Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche forge Tudor and Georgian new physique places are favoured as a analogue to the ugly landscapes of mills and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an implicit in ground for the extract of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of desiring to withdraw to the past off from engineering and promotion. The thought of the modern conveying the Historical into the new millenary may scare people into a single out for these undertakings. One paticular illustration Alain De Botton choice out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that persons are now get kill to gain the positive facets of C ontemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the echt historic than make look at medley . Wakelins is a Tudor sign of the zodiac that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private place for James Gorst himself. The dramatic modern-day extension can be seen to hold more in common to the original construction as it is besides timber framed, where as a medley mock Tudor extension would be a masonry construction. James Gorst commented that manners can co-exist without beat and that you can be respectful of the past but in your ain epoch ( Gorst 08 ) Another illustration Botton uses is a minuscular elusive modern-day extension to a Georgian terraced house in atomic number 99 capital of the United Kingdom ( anatomy ) . This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel designers to house lavatory installations on each floor of the house. The logical pretending for this is to make a more accurate Edwardian layout. As the Edwardians did non hold bathrooms one was created at a ulterior day of the month on the top floor doing last to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two illustration defends the theory that A dependable court seldom looks like one ( Botton 08 ) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically fiting anything from the yesteryear. This extension could be seen as good to the house by some, and beautiful with its lumber adorn and block like Windowss, but it involved a long and backbreaking conflict with the local planning commission, which in its entireness took two old ages, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting campaign to sentiments of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient edifices who would ever instead something that is advanced and good designed that merely written mattering what was there already ( Venning 09 ) This chang eless mesh with sentiments of the council and planning with persons creates a barrier between the success and the via media of modern-day add-ons to Historic edifices. This could propose that there is a job in this state about judge modern-day architecture, nevertheless there is the issue that it is merely in the residential sector that this is evident. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning modern-day edifices, and they are common topographic point for undertakings such as theaters, libraries and universities. Peoples evidently appreciate their public and commercial edifices to be modern-day, and in usage built undertakings the edifice layout to outdo reflect its intent.This theory is so reversed when we look at the modern British place, which merely seeks to retroflex the old. There is a British trait to be really high-flown of our places, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a manner in this state and otherwise in most other states. It is a position that British people take pride in their place, in peculiar with facets such as DIY or make it yourself being seen as quintessentially British DIY is something of a national interest on Bank Holidays in the UK ( unknown, 09 ) This nevertheless is an facet in itself that leads the populace to believe that places are a personal thing. This, in the yesteryear has lead to dissensions between designers and place proprietors, one illustration being Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye, and the client being told non to set drapes up as it would botch the interior immaterial consequence created by the drape glass. This posed the job of making a via media between good design and an aesthetically delighting edifice, and taking into consideration client demands and the practical every twenty-four hours operation of the edifice. All this pace suggests that the spread between the public sentiment and the designers sentiment demands to be bridged. The planning section can be seen as th e people to bridge the spread, nevertheless they seen to subconsciously be reenforcing the misgiving the populace have with modern-day design with the favor of medley and mock, instead than defending the undertakings that if built could get down to alter the populace s perceptual experience of modern-day architecture. This outlines the chief issue that if good designed modern-day undertakings are non built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older manner edifices as they are good known, considerable in figure and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this spread without upsetting the British populace at some phase. The planning commission have the power to alter the populace s perceptual experience nevertheless they are portion of the British public in themselves and their sense of tastes for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an appreh ension of how modern-day architecture plants, and how it can be good in a modern society. This could be seen to propose that there must be a signifier of doing the public aware of modern-day architecture and how it works, for this fright is based on a deficiency of apprehension, or merely declining to understand.The current argument on this issue is forward fronted by Prince Charles. In a really British mode he is opposing many designers work in defense mechanism of saving of historical edifices in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authorization for edifice ordinances, has work the interpreter for this argument. but his really traditional positions have been controversial even to those who dungeon the cause.Philosophically the prince s claim to be the defender of tradition does non bear examination. He late resigned as frequenter of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings ( SPAB ) because he does non understand or subscribe to its pronunciamento , as set down by its laminitis, William Morris.The cardinal SPAB rule is that no version or extension to an historic edifice should seek to copy the original, but be distinguishable and of its ain clip. To cite a lame and exanimate counterfeit is the terminal consequence of all the wasted labor . That one of the prince s advisors besides designs for Disneyland is diagnostic of a penchant for a sanitized version of the yesteryear, stripped of the reliable verve Morris sought to support. ( Macintosh 09 )This end in sentiment reflects the much wider argument of whether to accommodate edifices in a modern-day manner or every bit traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British illustration. conk out of the Monarchy but with efficaciously with no authorization in affairs including architecture, he feels his sentiment more sound than that of William Morris and the full staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient BuildingsBut the prince is understoo d to hold strangely objected to the suggestion that reconstructing old houses in their original manner frequently consequences in a pastiche an unflattering odds and ends of stuffs and signifiers taken from different beginnings -and took strivings to state as much. ( English 09 )With figure caputs such as these portrait their sentiment of the right pattern, as antediluvian mimicking, is it no admiration that the British populace, that which is still in revere of its monarchy, something which is really unambiguously British, can the lesser known faces of this argument, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. notwithstanding there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the thought that there is a difference in sentiment or a spread of understanding between designers and the general populace that must be addressed A gulf is go oning to split designers from the remainder of society because of their compulsion with signifiers ( Hurst 09 ) . However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning brass needed reform, which means that there is cogent evidence that the planning system does non even benefit those hidebound thoughts refering architecture.There is recent contraversay about Prince Charle s place within this architectural argument. The recent withdrawl of foreign support for a high terminal coeval development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be seeking to press foreign developers to put in lodging, to profit the state as a whole, particularly in a clip of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the edifice, chiefly those of a certain authorization and age scope Palace functionaries are likely to causal agency that the prince was merely one voice against the Candys programs for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former premier curate ( Chittenden,09 ) The Prince besides stated his positions on his prefered alternate He proposed a classical option that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, crossways the street. ( Chittenden,09 ) This remark is an illustration of how people are afraid of something new, and prefere the security of something that already exists, the medley. If the Prince ploughs king in the upcoming so the argument will go progressively intense, which poses the possibility that more and more medley will happen its was to the edifices sites, instead than something more exciting and advanced. The thought of animating a like the Royal infirmary, means that the newer edifice will merely of all time be a lesser edifice than the original, due to the fact that miming something with modern-day techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall unity of the edifice, in particular when the original is every bit close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence medley architecture is seting manner out of context, in regard of clip. Is it so non that different from constructions in subject Parkss and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charle s advisers besides designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritizing manner over substance, whcih is certainly non how successful edifices are designed. The thought of retroflexing an old edifice is neer making the original edifice justness, as it will ever be compromised by modern-day demands every bit good as modern-day edifice codifications and be aftering regulations.. This could, in utmost fortunes in the hereafter, lead to old edifices being demolished in favor of medley, as mock edifices are created in the relevant period and are hence more suited for current use.It could be utter that to truly appreciate old edifices they muse have a contrast, in order to maintain the rarety and costliness of its design. Another facet of architecture that Prince Charles has been speaking about is sustainability. In a r ecent talk he was considered to come across as an rational Luddite, whose lone solution is to withdraw into a Hobbit-like universe of organic crude edifices and no autos. ( Baillieu, 09 ) This is linked in Prince Charle s address with the thought that he is wary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. it s his belief that the challenge of clime alteration can be solved without experimentation. This is where the address unravelled for in doing out experimentation to be a terrorizing spring in the dark instead than something good based on hypotheses and a organic structure of cognition ( Baillieu, 09 ) .It is liberal to see how these two facets come together to organize this overall sentiment. This is once more associating back to the thought of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to hold existed and survived for a period of clip. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to battle the cli me altering effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to make new engineering and modern-day design. This supports the thought of traveling on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent manner in order to battle this job, and get down developing thoughts for architecture that the hereafter requires. This point in argued by those who support the scientific discipline and engineering of this argument In his celebrated two civilizations talk, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their dorsums on scientific discipline and the benefits of industrialization they were let go to do that pick. I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic repugnance, he said. But I do nt abide by you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to enforce the same pick on others who are non free to take. ( Baillieu, 09 ) .This besides supports the thought that some portion of the population are non nessessarily lead by their ain pick but instead the pick of front mans in their society. This clean relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could hold on the populations positions refering architecture.It is sonant to see how people become liege about this states old edifices, but certainly opposing anything modern-day in architecture at all is impeding the advancement of the state as a whole.The demolition of old edifices during the first and 2nd universe wars helped to make the feeling of costliness for the old edifices that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical edifices to make something new, which even involved pulverizing old edifices that survived the air foraies. This was admired by immature architectural heads but disliked by older more hidebound designers every bit good as the populace. This Modern manner of edifice was really much a duplicating manner with certain design regulations that had to be followed by every edifice, which lead them to hold a really generic role. This rigorous codification of aesthetic design lead to many of the edifices being demolished every bit piddling as 10 to thirty old ages subsequently, due to the fact that the edifices were deemed to hold no psyche and were considered ugly and rough aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the designers thoughts of town planning, showed non merely the populace but besides the architectural universe how of substance it was to make constructions that were non merely functional but iconic, and to make something the populace could bask, non merely the architectural elite. Modernism as a motion angered many people who were dedicated to continuing history, and of all time since so they have been ferociously protective of old edifices and the work that is done with them. Many people nevertheless who have acquired old edifices with the purpose on reconstructing them, have to wait months and mess with infuriating, bureaucrat ism before they can get down work, . In a lot of instances until the necessary permissions are granted the proprietors are powerless and must watch as the edifice they own deteriorates further seting the edifice itself at hazard. An illustration of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth ( FIG ) ( Gillilan 09 ) to reconstruct the original edifice which is from the sixteenth century but was rebuilt after being taken with(p) by buoy uping in the late ninetiess. They besides wanted to include a modern extension and to rupture down the twentieth century add-ons that were non appropriate for the edifice, seeking to mime the original with rendered concrete that were doing ill-treat to the bing construction. This undertaking included an equal sum of Restoration and extension, designed by designers with thoughtful and delicate concurrence between modern and historic stuffs shows how with better engineering and more sympathetic edifice stuffs our positions to reconstructing ol d edifices is easy altering.The planning commission of a local council nevertheless is non the lone resistance an person with Contemporary gustatorial sensation must confront. Public blessing is critical for a successful planning application, and neighbors resistance can halt a undertaking even get downing. In Ling, a little historical small town in Norfolk a occupant wished to construct a modern-day house on the site of his old clayware shed. He has been seeking to acquire permission for his home for old ages, and his biggest obstruction is the villagers themselves, who think the edifice is ugly and does nt suit in The inquiry is why did this affair so much, and why scarce did the new edifice non suit in? The edifice is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local stuffs so it is the modern-day manner of the edifice the villagers find so violative. The occupant in inquiry commented that there is something peculiarly British about this seting the yesteryear on a base and that everything old is inviolable and you touch it at your hazard. But is it merely the British who feel this manner, or is it something that is portion of any state with a long history and a wealth of historical edifices. A contrast to this would be to look at a state where this is non the instance. Dubai is largely desert, but due to its lifting economic system it is easy being turned into commodious metropoliss and composites. The difference to Britain is that there is no penchant toward the historic, and station modernism is literally allowed to make full metropoliss which unavoidably creates a huge sum of different and contradicting manners and gustatory sensations. Dubai has a ski Lodge, a land of China and a map of the universe shaped from sand dunes in the sea. Dubai is an illustration of what an architectural free for all can make, which has merely every bit much of a negative impact if non more than a state in which development is so purely regulated and protective as ours. With it being acceptable to hold an single architectural gustatory sensation makes the state of affairs different to that of old epochs where by a more incorporate gustatory sensation was adhered by, be aftering Torahs inhibit the devastation of old edifices or the add-on of infinites that make no sense and are of really single gustatory sensation. However at that place need to be more understanding from the planning system in footings of medley that is seen to hold a negative impact on the edifice and is non ever the appropriate solution. Deliberate hazards must be taken in single fortunes in order to make relevant infinites for the modern manner of life, and criterions must be set so that modern-day manner can be enjoyed by future coevalss.Chapter 3 Does current cognition and tendency affect the usage of old edifices.Architecture is non inactive and must invariably alter in order to remain relevant to current society and remain in usage. The thought of merely conveying a edifice back up to a habitable criterion is non needfully the best option. Saving old edifices is no longitudinal plenty. The purpose is non preservation but transmutation, an architectural, instead than a sentimental or historicist attack to making new signifier out of old cloth. ( Powell 1999 )One manner is which this theory is peculiarly relevant in modern-day society is within the recent alterations to constructing methods in relation to the environment. Old constructions were designed and built before such cognition of clime alteration or planetary heating existed. Adapting an old edifice with a new interior layout or add-on is no longer plenty to do it a genuinely twenty-first century edifice, The environmental factor must now besides be considered to future proof a edifice. In order to cut down an bing edifices C pes print, some version is necessary, which is non ever historically accurate or sympathetic. The concluding behind many edifices being reused instead so dest royed is besides influenced by the issue of sustainability. It is frequently more economical every bit good as environmentally friendly to recycle an bing edifice instead than powder and so reconstruct it. This office edifice ( FIG ) was remodelled to reflect modern-day manners in architecture. The edifice is about unrecognizable, but the inquiry this poses is, if this edifice had to be remodelled several times in such bustling sequence, what does it state about the clip graduated table in which modern-day manners are considered current? ( demand to infix FIG dates that it was remodelled ) It is said that architecture is an look of its clip, and clip can sometimes go through quickly ( need to follow up mention ) The thought of accommodating an old edifice to run into new demands and recycling it is a environmentally sound thought. If person busying a edifice needs more infinite is it non better to accommodate the bing edifice than to travel to a bigger edifice, or have a new ed ifice built. Hearst tower is a construction which encompasses many facets of modern-day add-on that is considered good. Its sustainable certificates make it a precursor in New York for environmentally friendly design Designed to down signifi slantly less energy than a conventional New York office edifice, it is a theoretical flyer of sustainable office design. ( Foster and spouses, unknown ) ( include passage between old and new in interior infinite and FIG )A complex challenge is when a metropolis has become so urbanized that there is merely non plenty infinite to make new edifices without making a signifier of urban sprawl consequence. A metropolis like New York is a premier illustration of a topographic point where land mass has become non existent for edifice, and so older edifices must be sufficient to turn with the activities within it. New York has combated this job by edifice upwards, making the biggest possible neat footage with the minimum footmark. The add-ons to th ese edifices hence have to make the same. Hearst Tower achieves significant extra infinite, but implanting itself in the original infinite and traveling upward, to go another iconic edifice in the New York skyline.The environmental office is a importingant factor in this argument. Many old edifices are improbably inefficient in comparing to modern-day constructions. In order for these edifices to stay relevant as homes and edifices for public usage they have to be adapted with new engineering to stay in usage. If nil is done with historic edifices stock they will go of all time more progressively expensive to run as they age. The resources to run them, will are going of all time more scarce, and are set uping the environment and therefore it is indispensable they be adapted to diminish this consequence. This is now set uping place proprietors and the general populace as a affair of class. With energy monetary values lifting this will at long last take to the populace being behind the version of old edifices for this ground in peculiar. There has been a batch of support behind for the demand for version for old edifices, in peculiar Kevin McClouds Great British refurb run which seeks new formula law to assist with the cost of doing places more energy efficient through the appropriate adaptation.. This run has a enormous sum of public support, which leads to the decision that the populace are more comfy with the thought of altering old edifices in a manner that they are cognizant benefits them. This contradiction is proposing that its more the manner in which old and new concurrences frequently juxtapose that is the existent issue for the general populace, and it is more manner than the engineering they are frightened of.Chapter 4 Will the concurrence between historic and modern-day architecture be every bit dateless as other architectural motions. What are the specific qualities that make a piece of design timeless or authoritative ?The word timeless is used a batch in architecture and design, but what precisely does it imply. The dictionary describes the word timeless as ( decision to this, cant be dateless but can go a historic construction in the hereafter, and to be something that influences future epochs of architecture )without get downing or terminal ageless everlasting.mentioning or restricted to no peculiar clip the dateless beauty of great music. ( Dictionary Reference on line )The inquiry that is considered by anyone in charge of allowing be aftering permission for any new add-on to a historic edifice is will it be every bit dateless as the original construction. Examples affecting add-ons made in the seventiess have non needfully aged every bit good as the bing edifice. ( Fig ) Many edifices that were designed and erected during the 1960ss and 1970ss are now considered eyesores, and are frequently lacerate down. Could this be the instance for modern-day manner constructions, or like the Victorian manner, which was ou t of manner during the 1950s and 1960s and is now a sought after will it merely become stylish once more in the close hereafter. mien and tendency play an of import function in the design and besides the hereafter of edifices so it is of import that the edifice is good designed and thought out, non trusting merely on the current tendency, but has a timeless facet to it. Its non about if it s modern or if its old it s whether or non its quality ( Coffey 2009 ) Using the 60s as an illustration, many cases of 60s and 70s architecture were severely designed and cheaply made, this can besides be said for many twenty-first Century edifices, made every bit cheaply as possible to carry through a basic demand with small architectural virtue. However there was some architecture that was created during the 1960ss that was better designed and longer enduring. Carlo Scarpa was an designer who preferred working with and adding to an bing construction than making his ain. His most celebrated wor k Castelvecchio was completed in 1964 ( FIG ) . It was his refusal to retroflex old manners within his work that his coevalss found odd, but his work has been inspiration for many good renown designers. His work greatly influenced that of other Italian inside interior decorators, most notably Franco Albini , ( ref cheque ) every bit good as going a theoretical account of inspiration for architectural pupils His edifices and undertakings were being studied by designers and pupils throughout the universe, and his cosmetic manner had become a theoretical account for designers wishing to resuscitate trade and juicy stuffs in the modern-day mode. ( REF cheque ) Therefore began the beginnings of juxtaposing the latest stuffs and engineering with historic constructions.The devastation of the first universe war lead to the thought of protecting old edifices to go relaxed plenty to put aside actual historicism, ( although some times subsequently became to act upon the exact antonym ) in specific in Italy, which created a way towards to something more thought provoking and intelligent.. Continue with Work by designers such as Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella.There is the inquiry of if a edifice which is non needfully beautiful, or historically of import but is still classed as historic demand to be preserved in a cherished restrictive manner or is it that with historical edifices, irrespective of their quality people feel a accountability to protect and continue history like a exposure and this is seen to be the most appropriate option. In this modern society, this is non needfully the right pattern or should edifices which were designed to be used, be redesigned to suit our of all time altering demands. It may be that continuing a edifice has a negative impact on the edifice as it is forced to be used in an out-of-date manner and become like a museum piece non to be touched instead than a edifice which is meant to be dwell and used in order to be enjoyed. An illustration of this is the resistance to the proposed new add-on to the British museum ( FIG ) . However it is designers every bit good as a local preservation group who are opposing the add-on as it has already received permission from the planning governments and English heritage. Committee spokesman Hugh Cullum carriage of Hugh Cullum architects added that pluging holes in the late restored great hall to supply entree to the exhibition infinite was a offense against a brilliant and simple frontage. He added that a new frontage on Malt route showed a specific deficiency of response to the street and regardless of manner, does nt belong to either Georgian or Edwardian context in footings of graduated table, grain or stuffs. ( Cullum,09 )Chapter 5 What makes peculiar illustrations of reuse successful or unsuccessful.Extensions to edifices have gotten bigger and more high profile in the last 20 old ages. The chief designer responsible for some of the most good known add-ons is Sir Norman Foster. Undertakings such as the Reichstag ( FIG ) and Hearst tower ( FIG ) have become iconic. For a edifice that is such a landmark in itself like the Reichstag it would usually be considered excessively cherished a edifice, to profit from any add-on, you can acquire some edifices that are so cherished are so rare and historically of import its likely non the right thing to make ( Venning 2009 ) nevertheless it has become an iconic edifice instead than merely a landmark due to its glass dome roof add-on. This is how a edifice can be enhanced in order to truly specify the part in which it is situated, and go a holidaymaker glossy force in itself. It provides a genuinely cultural experience and people travel from across the universe to see it. The dome adds a sing experience to the edifice, making a platform where most of the metropolis can be seen. It has helped to reunite the edifice with the German people, and hence added a new symmetry of history to the edifice instead than take awaying from what existed antecedently. It is of import to recognize that edifices alteration and adapt and parts that are added to the edifice over clip become portion of its history. ( Venning 09 )The ReichtagThe Reichstag is a first-class illustration of how the extension has been good considered and reflected the edifices history. Based on the thought that a landmark is created by the things that happen to the edifice or the to people that inhabit it instead than the bricks and mortar itself, an thought has surfaced that all old edifices have a signifier of voice. architectural Voices written by David Littlefield and Saskia Lewis suggest that in order for a new intercession to be genuinely successful the old edifice needs to be decently listened to, If it could talk what would it state? What would it sound like? Would it be deserving listening to? Questions such as these are peculiarly relevant for designers shiping on undertakings of redevelopment, readi ng or enlargement. ( Littlefield, 2007 ) . The Reichtag dome like many other undertakings faced resistance The rebuilding undertaking was necessarily controversial, given the Reichstag s place in twentieth-century German history. ( powell 1999 ) and Foster s original thought nevertheless was rejected for being excessively extreme as he wanted to encapsulate the whole edifice within a glass dome. However the undertaking as it was realised turned out is considered to restore the edifice as a focal point of the capital and the place of Bundestag ( Powell 1999 ) This peculiar undertaking genuinely embraces the thought of listening to the bing edifice, and proves that in this instance that intercession and add-on can be more effective than merely a simple Restoration, in making something iconic, Above rises a dome, non a Restoration of that which burn down in 1938 but surely integrating the memories of the past . ( Powell 1999 ) The thought that the populace are cognizant of the policy-making relations traveling on inside the edifice is accentuated by the fact that the dome sits preceding(prenominal) where the politicians convene. This creates a transparence metaphor as with the Welsh parliament constructing the visitants of the edifice can watch the politicians from above, and experience more of a portion of the system than in old times. This is of class symbolic of the alteration in the German authorities, with the state being unified by the destruction of the Berlin wall. This changes the stigma of the original edifice and creates a new positive image for the edifice, to associate the old edifice to the new Germany. This edifice opposes the thought introduced at the beginning of this chapter from Phil Venning of the SPAB that some edifices are excessively cherished to be adapted, it is an illustration of how old edifices need to be adapted in order to remain relevant to society. The edifice was damaged during the war and was non repaired when the w ar ended. Alternatively the edifice remained in disrepair and became a symbol for the ruin of Germany and its authorities. It was unloved due to the stigma that was attached to it and what it represented to the people of Germany, which was a authorities that has ruined their state and their lively goons. This was all reversed with the new add-ons and the Restoration, which allowed the symbolism of the edifice to be changed and allowed the edifice to be reintroduced as portion of the German civilization, by adding to the bing, and esteeming its yesteryear and heightening it instead than seeking to disregard it.Oxford CastleThis edifice is another illustration of a edifice that would usually be considered excessively cherished for adaptation, as it is rare for a palace of its age to last wars and conflicts. However it shows how an old edifice can be more apprehended when it is adapted for modern-day usage than be left untasted. It so becomes less of a deadening museum piece and more a n exciting topographic point for people to utilize and bask, The Oxford Castle extension and regeneration programme has been successful in making a public infinite. The old palace edifice is now a hotel which forms portion of a Pedestrianised country, which attracts locals and tourers likewise. Opening up an country and a edifice one time closed off to the populace is good, but looking at the daintiness of the new intercession suggests that every attention was taken into consideration to continue and heighten the historic edifices, both in the design procedure and in the building. The original edifice was originally used as a prision, and this creates a alone infinite for a boutique hotel. This reuse of the edifice has created a tourer attractive force in itself and the development is now described as Oxford s figure one tourer attractive forces.the add-on of a glass gift store between two countries of historic stonework. The intercession itself bridges a spread between two unconnec ted countries to make a unison between the infinites, but besides does non blockade the position of the rock work or the remainder of the edifice from the store, as the glass roof allows the tallness of the palace to be genuinely apprehended ( FIG ) There has been some intercessions to the stonework, and to acquire the glass to sit between the walls some rock has had to be moved. In ( FIG ) you can see the glass roof is supported by several glass beams. These perforate the rock wall, but the harm is minimum, with rocks replaces and matched to the bing, and lime howitzer used so that the wall can be preserved. In other countries of the development you can see the seamless passage between historic and modern-day. In ( FIG ) you can see how the paseo slots into the older edifice utilizing an bing country which is recessed in the same size and form. This creates the semblance that the two were created in unison. There is a sensitiveness between the concurrences between stuffs as you can see here in ( FIG ) the wooden panelled ceiling in the gift store leaves a little spread between it and the rock wall. This ceiling is non structural and so can sit merely above the rock wall and does non hold to poking it in any manner. This attack leads to minimum break of the ancient rock. Another illustration of this is the glass panels at the forepart of the gift store ( FIG ) . The glass does non punch the rock wall alternatively an adhesive is used to bridge the spread between the glass and the rock work. This is much less intrusive to the stonework and can be removed without a hint of grounds to the bing if necessary. This undertaking has opened up a edifice one time shut away from public esteem and has created a widely distributed prosaic country in which there is besides a court to the palaces history with the new castle unbarred visitant attractive force. This has been good to the edifice as it has allowed it to go a tourist attractive force and has become more of Oxfo rd s heritage than it was before the redevelopment.Royal Exchange Theatre, ManchesterThis illustration shows how that you can alter a edifices map successfully by adding a modern-day intercession. The old edifice, one time the former Cotton Exchange and one time the largest room for commercialism in the universe, it is now a nationally and internationally renown as it is the largest unit of ammunition theater in the UK ( FIG ) . The manner this edifice has been changed agencies that changes to the bing construction is minimum. The lone intercession is in the chief four marble columns which support the original vaulted ceiling. There was no attempt taken to conceal these intercessions, alternatively the stenosiss that branch off from the chief construction into the old construction are art of the design ( FIG ) This pod manner intercession becomes the cardinal piece of the edifice, leting a edifice which no longer houses the map it was designed for continue to be relevant in the twen ty-first Century. The manner this edifice was redesigned in the 1970s agencies that the edifice still has an of import topographic point within Manchester s metropolis Centre. This undertaking was merely a true success due to the adventuresome design Conceived as a extremist, experimental in-the-round wendy house by the late manager Michael Elliot and the phase interior decorator Richard Negri, it has proved systematically successful, and no admiration the audience is jam-packed in near to the histrions, and at the same clip stacked up high around them. DecisionThere are many factors which influence this subject. As it has been seen the whole political orientation of one state s civilization is a slow procedure. There is some gradual alteration and the planning system is set to alter with so much resistance to its current processs. Bing a authorities organic structure the planning system will hold no pick but to accommodate in order to seek the best solution to jobs in Britain suc h as the predicted deficit of lodging stock and the economic clime and the deficiency of work for the reinforced environment industry. The political orientation behind the term Britishness is besides altering, and this globalization will impact the manner in which the British population perceives modern-day architecture. The manner architecture alterations is something that will go on to accommodate as it has done since the built environment has existed, and the contention of these undertakings will diminish finally as it becomes more and more common.As the universes population increases the version of bing edifices will go more and more of a necessary procedure, peculiarly due to the new cognition refering the environment.