Anti Federalist Arguments The Needed Balance

Anti Federalist Argu custodyts The Needed BalanceThe year was 1787 delegates were convening at the State Ho purpose in Philadelphia, the same location where the Declaration of license had been signed eleven years earlier. There, 55 representatives came together for four months to vomit up a authorship for a national re arouse-supported. The reason for their convergence on Philadelphia was to revise the Articles of compact. Since 1781 the Articles hindered the packed progress of the long dozen united States. quite than a united confederation, posits were autonomous causing compromise and cooperation to be in unaw bes supply. The Articles left closely of the federal agency with the distinguish directments as a answer to fears of re-creating a centralized power similar to Britain. The burgeoning responsibilities of states were being impeded by several Articles, nonp areil being the lack of a revenue stream. d experience the stairs the Articles, relative lacked author ity to levy taxes. It could request the states to contribute a plow to the coarse treasury, but the amounts gained through with(predicate) with(predicate) this mode of collection were non sufficient. To facilitate this particular defect, relation back proposed an amendment that applied to the states for power to lay duties and secure the public debts. The amendment was matchd to by twelve out of thirteen states, with tho Rhode Island refusing its consent, on that pointby defeating the proposal. Articles 3 and 13 both required all(prenominal) thirteen states to agree in pitch to pass any legislation. To overcome the necessity of thirteen states, early in the deliberations delegates voted that only nine states would be required to settle the fundamental law. This change make a difference to the process of ratification. No bimestrial could Rhode Island or any other(a) state keep the whole from joint progress by wiz abstaining vote. The geological formational chemi cal formula in Philadelphia proceeded with men from all(prenominal) state but Rhode Island, as they deliberated over the necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation they all agreed that unfortunately, the Articles were not worth amending or saving. Amid swell silence they begin to write or frame a raw(a) governance. As the delegates analyzed the Articles of Confederation, they noted many points that were to be part of the new document. oneness was an executive branch in affect the Articles disallowed an executive branch to obligate the laws, nor a kingdomal court system to interpret them. The question arose in 1689, a hundred years earlier, by social philosophers such as John Locke, who were arguing the need for an executive to have the power to oblige laws that are enacted by the hoi polloi. Under the Articles of Confederation in 1787, congress was the sole organ of the national establishment without the ability to force the states to do any subject against their will. Congress could in theory declare struggle and call for an army to be raised, but it could not force any state to provide its appoint quota for troops or arms or the equipment needed to support them. delinquent to their autonomy, the states were impervious to the threat of force or punishment, leaving Congress at a loss for the income needed to finance its activities. Should a state or states not chose to participate Congress could not punish them for not alter their share of the federal budget. In relation to finance and monetary locks, the states commandled gross and tariffs within their state, and each state could render its consume legal tender. To this point, the states were more(prenominal) likened to European countries with disputes over borders, different currency and differing political sciences. Such significant differences caused disputes to attire between the states. Undoubtedly there were many unsettled quarrels over state boundaries and currency issues in regard to trade. In the end, the only role that Congress could play was of mediator and test without the force needed to require states to assent its decisions. With so many contradictory Articles authorities the solid ground, a secure future seemed lost due to the many factors that would from past let, never come together. For the intimately part, the nations governing body, down the stairs the Articles of Confederation, seemed like a body without arms and legs. From May to folk 1787 a completely new and improved articles of confederation were written and called the system. The proposed typography was the in any casel that would presumably lay the foundation for future generations in brass instrument of America. The purpose and job of the constitution was to correct the faulty Articles of Confederation and ensure great central political relation strength and allow states to proceed as before with greater protection and ability. This was the hope but, t he message was not authorized with the same understanding by the pot. from each one state sized up its own unique situation and by calling their own ratification principles, discussed the issues to determine if the proposed constitution would guarantee existing rights and benefit the state as a whole and not just portions of it. After the accomplishment was established the framers came to an agreement on a last draft of the Constitution on September 17, 1787, after which they signed and prepared to send it to the mint for ratification.American raft were now faced with a daunting task. The whole of the nation had arrived at an of the essence(p) moment of their existence as a union. Each state had matured at its own rate and grown into its geographical area by putting to use the natural resources each had to work with. In doing so, they created and built an infrastructure and their own economic stability. The American states were asked to write in code into a federal coven ant that would guide and by law consecrate the inelegants population in trade, commerce, security, and foreign relations. This question became Americas prototypic political assertion and one of the around primal. When the final draft was tapey for public dialogue and ratification not all thirteen states agreed with the entire document. footlinger states found, what they believed were flaws that withdrew power from the individual states and gave it to the central government, which too many was against the American political orientation of independence. As a reaction to the many questions and concerns the American people were expressing a trio of men came together. They were physically only 30 years senescent yet they were indeed ageinger through the acquisition of political experience, cognition, and power. For example, horse parsley Hamilton served as a captain and as Washingtons aide-de-camp during the transition, he imposing himself at the bar after victory, and by 1787 was already a salient(ip) figure in the creation of the infant nation. The next man mob Madison, by contrast, was more the pensive philosopher than the bold statesman. A lifelong scholar of philosophy, history, and law, particularly the law of nations, Madison would, despite his shyness, be a master presence and driving force at the constitutional convention. However, it was John Jay who was the well-nigh experienced of all three by the time the Constitutional Convention was called. Aside from having served the fledgling republic as a masterful negotiator, a diplomat, and even, for a time, as its president, Jay was the only one to have had direct experience in Europe. And so by 1787, all three gentlemen were indeed old with experience, well prepared to meet the challenges of the task at come about. Taking the consume in pushing for ratification, in 1787 these three politicos distinct that in order for the new Constitution to be ratified there would have to be a saturat ion of the issues at hand in the newspapers. They, on with other men, wrote their arguments for the Constitution and came to be know as the Federalists. In the same meat as the Federalists emerged their counterparts, the anti-Federalists. Both sides published statements, essays, and their opinions on why the proposed constitution should or should not be accepted and ratified. Each group of men was dictated by their beliefs and together they fought for what they thought was important for their country. The anti-Federalist later went by the touch of Republican and the Democratic Republican, they spoke for many of the small states and their constituents, who had fought and sacrificed along with American forces for the victory over Britain. They had foresight in their convictions which continue to serve the country today. The Federalists were influential intellectuals who believed in the Constitution, and believed that it was the finished model of government to achieve a just soci ety. Under the proposed Constitution, the American people could enjoy their right to life, liberty, and the rocking horse of happiness. Generally, Federalists were wealthy citizens, highly educated professionals, who in or so cases were lawyers and their supporters followed suit by being Propertied and educated people. In their arguments for the provisions of the Constitution, Federalists stated that if the Constitution had sections or certain language that did not work, amendments could be made. Their arguments were decidedly their strongest sleeve in their pursuit to educate the public. Alexander Hamilton was first base to publish the Federalists first argument for ratification of the Constitution. His opening haggle grabbed his audience AFTER an imperious experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the unite States of America. The subject speaks its own importance comprehending in its cons equences zilch less than the existence of the UNION, the safety and wel uttermoste of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world.Hamilton had offered the perfect statement on the weight of the matter before them as a country, during this most august period of American history. Of this there was no argument. Yet, as the essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Madison, and John Jay began filtering throughout the states there came responses from their counterparts, the anti-Federalists. They were fair less organized than the Federalists, not owing to any financial ecclesiastical benefice and served to represent the strong opposition to the idea of states loss of power to a federal government. The response given to the Federalists essays began with an author known as A FEDERALIST I am pleased to see a spirit of examination burst the band of constraint upon the subject of the NEW PLAN for consolidating the governments of the United States, as recommended by the late Convention. If it is suitable to the GENIUS and HABITS of the citizens of these states, it will make up the strictest scrutiny. The PEOPLE are the grand inquest who have a RIGHT to judge of its merits. The hideous daemon of Aristocracy has hitherto had so frequently enamour as to bar the channels of investigation, preclude the people from inquiry and snuff out every spark of liberal information of its qualities.Thus the war of address had commenced, a thought at that moment might have been, shall we as a public agree to the Constitution as written or shall we, for all future generations, dissect and analyze the document before placing our hand in agreement? The American people read the essays, listened at township hall meetings, and fueled public dialogue to full head by complete dissemination of the issues at hand offered by both groups of authors. Their literature were strong, psychological, emotional, and called to the heart of the population to come together for the benefit of the whole and not the one. The anti-Federalists included some very impressive notables such as Patrick Henry, pile Winthrop, Robert Yates, George Clinton, James Monroe, and doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson. Not all contributed to the essays. Those who did, rather than using their own names, took their cue from the Federalists and used pseudonyms. The anti-Federalist writers shared a considerably wider range of views. honey oil concerns were expressed by authors known as Brutus and A Federal Farmer.Robert Yates was known to be Brutus but, the identity of A Federal Farmer was never confirmed. wholeness of the key points these two men made regarded the necessary and beseeming clause. The prerequisite and Proper Clause, similarly referred to as the Elastic, Basket, and the Sweeping Clause is the provision in Article One of the United States Constitution, section 8, clause 18The Congress shall have Power To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.This clause gave Congress the power to make laws which were necessary to run all powers vested in the Constitution. The anti-Federalists argued that the Constitution only had the power to do what it states it can, and that vigor should be presupposed by the government. In other words, the government should never use the necessary and proper clause as a blanket confess of power. Anti-Federalist were men who understood from their recent involvement with the Revolution that openhanded too such(prenominal) power to a national government could hold dear tyrannical desires for more power. The aristocratic elite and silvered men would govern for their own states and personal benefit without any concern for the smaller states needs. Further, the anti-Federalist matte up Americans ha d been given empty promises and after meshing for independence their own independence and ability to provide for their families would become extinct if the Constitution was ratified as it was written. The master(a) fear was that while a republican government was plummy in order to defend liberty, it was not possible over a commodious geographic area, such as the United States, because it had never been fulfil before. The fall of the Roman Empire was an implosion, a reaction to inadequate governing of an area to vast to control. The other major pitfall of republics had been class war, something that the intromission Fathers had seen in the recent Shays Rebellion.From 1781 to 1787 there was much consternation within the borders of the United States. From an extract of a letter from James Madison to George Washington, Feb. 3, 1788, we can read sentiments received from Boston from a member of the convention there never was there an assembly in this state in possession of greater a bility and information than the present convention, yet I am in doubt whether they will approve the constitution. There are, unhappily, three parties opposed to it. commencement exercise All men who are in favor of paper money and tender laws. Those are more or less in every part of the state. Second All the late insurgents and their abettors. In the three great western counties they are very numerous. We have in the convention cardinal or twenty who were actually in Shays army.Shays Rebellion was an example of the small farmers and fencesitters who had their land and homes threatened to be taken from them. An armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts, centering in Springfield from 1786 to 1787, Shays rebellion delineate the poor compatriots farmers angered by what they felt to be crushing debt and taxes. also-ran to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtors prisons or the claiming of property by the County. The leader of the Rebellion, Daniel Shays, w as himself a veteran of the American Revolution who found himself engulfed in the issue and fought for a way out. The rebellion was still fresh on the minds of many, causing the mood among the last states to ratify to be thick with opposition and strong sentiments against the contents of the constitution. The last states to accept the proposed constitution were New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Rhode Island. New York presented the problem in its simplest form, the entire aggregate of interior counties, from Ulster to Columbia, were solidly anti-Federal, encompassing the agricultural portion of the state, the last arrived and settled, and the most thinly populated. Governor George Clinton of New York wrote on one of the important issues among the anti-Federalists. From the by-line extract of a letter from New York, July 20, 1788, George Clinton was quoted as reflection, if they ratify the constitution, they must by heavy taxes support their government, which is now wholly done by the impost, etc. This with the Mynheers is a weighty argument. George Clinton went on to write, In Opposition to desolation of States Rights, the followingThe premises on which the new form of government is erected, declares a consolidation or union of all thirteen parts into one great whole, under the firm of the United States But whoever seriously considers the colossal extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United Statesthe dissimilitude of interests, morals, and politics in close to every one, will receive it as an a priori truth, that a consolidated republican form of government therein, can never form a perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, elicit the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posteritythis unkindred legislature therefore, composed of interests opposite and miscellaneous in nature, will in its exercise, emphatically be like a stand divided against itselfClinton continued that from his prospective there were no promises that could be made secure on the score of consolidation of the United States into one government. Impracticability, risk, ambitious, and aggrandizement, oppression, intricate and perplexed became words to describe the proposed constitution. Clinton ended by saying that the proposed constitution was too mysterious for you to understand and observe and by which you are to be conducted into a monarchy, either limited or despotic reading and understanding by the common man was an important factor for the anti-Federalist arguments against the Constitution. compose on states rights, Federalist No. 6 author stated, A great insecurity exists in the competition between states themselves if they are left entirely to their own sovereignty, with no unifying government. Men are by their nature ambitious, and independent states will naturally compete with one another for love of power, control of commerce and domination of territory. The response fr om anti-Federalist explained that a strong state government was better than a strong central government. To them if the central government was too strong then it would threaten the peoples liberties and right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. What rights did the people have under the proposed Constitution? This issue was the next mountain to mishandle towards ratification.Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry, who wrote Need for a metre of Rights felt this proposal of altering our federal government is of a most alarming nature. You ought to be watchful, suspicious of your liberty for, instead of securing your rights, you may lose them forevera wrong step made now will plunge us into misery, and our republic will be lost, and tyranny must and will ariseThe argument over the shoot down of Rights was arguably the most important issue for the ratification of the constitution. Their necessity appeared to be of greater importance in order to calm the states. Patrick Henry added these words in his observation of the matter, We are told that all powers not given are reserved. I am sorry to bring onwards hackneyed observations. But, Sir, important truths lose nothing of their validity or weight, by frequency of repetition. Rather than infer the rights of the people, all rights not expressly and unequivocally reserved to the people are impliedly and incidentally relinquished to rulers, as necessarily inseparable from the delegated powers if insinuation be allowed, you are ousted of those rights, they would be declared. This argument was one of the turning points for the final states ratification of the Constitution. Henry continued his essay on the essential need for the tear of rights by explaining Without a step of Rights, you will exhibit the most absurd thing to mankind that ever the world saw a government that has abandoned all its powers the powers of taxation, the sword, and the purse. You have disposed of them to Congress, without a bar of Rig hts without check, limitation, or control You have Bill of Rights to defend against a state government, which is bereaved of all its power, and yet you have none against Congress, thought in full and exclusive possession of all powerThe Bill of Rights was important to the American people and by promising to make amendments and provide a draft of a Bill of Rights the delegates began to revisit their stance toward acceptance of the proposed constitution. The Bill was demanded by the anti-Federalists in New York, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island where the battle for ratification was not clear. In these states the voting was a lot closer than in the states that first decided to ratify.The Federalists however had strong opposition to a Bill of Rights. Robert Yates, writing under the pseudonym Brutus, articulated this view point in the Anti-Federalist No. 84, assert that a government unrestrained by such a bill could easily devolve into tyranny. Other supporters of the Bill argued that a list of rights would not, should not, and could not be interpreted as exhaustive these rights were examples of important rights people had, along with other rights as well. Many concerned with the final interpretation of the Bill of Rights were confident that the judiciary would construe these rights in a liberal fashion. Fortunately, the ninth Amendment would clarify the matter by addressing the rights of the people that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution. The arguments were just getting started, representation was of extreme importance to the smaller states who felt their position and voices would be extinguished if their representation was not correspond to the larger states, who by virtue of their size may attempt to find on issues against those states with less representation. The fear was understandable. The Deep South would go to war over such issues as representation. Melancton smith, a New York representative at the Convention, wrote his views on the is sue of representation for the anti-Federalists stating When we speak of representatives they resemble those they represent. They should be a true picture of the people, possess a knowledge of their circumstances and their wants, understand in all their distresses, and be disposed to seek their true interests.Smith believed that the knowledge necessary for the true representative of a free people should include a comprehension of extensive political and commercial information, such as is acquired by men of refined education, who have leisure to pass water to high degrees of improvement, but it should also comprehend that kind of acquaintance with the common concerns and occupations of the people, which men of the middling class of life are, in general, more sufficient to than those of a superior class.In order to represent a state, its inner(a) structure must be understood. The true commercial interests of a country are not the only requirement for representation but also, and mo st importantly, a knowledge of the productions of your own country, and their value, what your soil is capable of producing, the nature of your manufactures, the susceptibility of the country to increase both. In the area of laying taxes, duties, and exercises with discretion requires knowledge of the system of finance. A representative should also know about the people of his country, their circumstances and a general understanding of their economic commerce and ability. They should also understand, how the burdens imposed will bear upon the different classes. Representatives should be from all walks and levels, not just elite citizens but, those of the middling class of life. Smith, as well as others, had a factual concern that most bodies of the government were composed of the first class in the community and by distinguishing them by class, it would appear that the government would fall into the hands of the few and the great. In order to relieve the delegates of unforgiving concern Smith offered the following insight on representation This will be a government of oppressionA system of corruption is known to be the system of government in Europe it will be assay among us. The most effectual as well as natural security against this is a strong democratic branch in the legislature, frequently chosen, including in it a number of the substantial, sensible, yeomanry of the country. Does the House of Representatives answer this description? I confess, to me they but wear the complexion of a democratic branch they appear the spotless shadow of representation.The anti-Federalists were important to the final outcome of the ratification process because they self-possessed questions that made the American people stop and think about what they were agreeing to and what they may lose or gain as a consequence of the proposed Constitutions acceptance. Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S., from his own beliefs regarding the ratification of the Constitutio n, feared it would grant too much power to the U.S. government. Jefferson thought it should be up to the states to govern themselves with a hands-off approach and strictly limited interference of the national government. The funny thing about Jefferson, figurehead of the anti-Federalists was for a long time he would not choose sides between the Federalists and the anti-Federalists, because of his anti-political party sentiment. He found both sides arguments compelling, he was for a strong central government, which was more of a Federalists view. But, the argument that brought Thomas Jefferson to the anti-Federalist side was Alexander Hamiltons implied powers. Implied powers were powers which were not stated directly in the Constitution, in other words powers that were assumed by the government. Jefferson was totally against this, he believed that the Constitution could do the things which the Constitution states it can and nothing should be assumed, strict construction. This dissim ilitude would become a great feud between Hamilton and Jefferson, evolving into the first real battle of political parties for election in office. It should be noted that there were conflicting personalities among the framers and their anti-Federalist opposition. When comparing and contrasting anti-Federalist views on the ratification of the United States Constitution with those of the Federalists, one must also consider the inherent relationship that represents their respective(prenominal) views upon principles, problems and solutions, ultimately surmising which side best reflects or departs from the original principles set forth for the Declaration. It can be argued that the two sides are quite contrary in their individual perceptions, with each faction believing its own views are of primary integrity. One of the major beliefs of the Federalists as pointed out at the Philadelphia convention was that a state should vote according to its population. This later became another big iss ue with the anti-Federalists and people from the smaller states. By comparison of the elite Federalist camp, the anti-Federalists were made up of anyone who was poor and not a big landowner, anyone tired of being controlled, anyone who cute the peoples votes to directly count and anyone who wanted to protect their rights. The anti-Federalists were made up of all different types of people, who represented the United States population as a whole, far better than did the Federalists. The anti-Federalists wanted their power in the legislature, mainly the lower house where every state has one vote and the terms of office to be shorter, with limits on how many terms you could serve. These officials were not to be elected by representatives but directly by the vote of the people of the United States. Finally, the only way the anti-Federalists would ever consider helping to ratify the Constitution was if it contained a Bill of Rights, which was believed essential for preserving the indivi dual liberties of the people. It was the consensus of anti-Federalist everywhere that without this document the government could control every aspect of a persons life. To them the Constitution without the Bill of Rights was just a weapon of the elite upper class over the poor. Individualism was the strongest member of opposition the necessity, or at least the desirability, of a bill of rights was almost universally felt, and the anti-Federalists were able to play on these feelings in the ratification convention in Massachusetts in 1788. By this stage, five of the states had ratified the Constitution with relative ease the Massachusetts convention however, was hostile and argumentative. In the fight for ratification of the proposed United States Constitution between Federalists and anti-Federalists propaganda played a large role on both sides. Patrick Henry even saw the constitution as a revolutionary document much like Americas separation from Britain, he said I need not take muc h pains to show, that the principles of this system, are extremely pernicious, impolitic, and dangerous. Here is a revolution as radical as that which separated us from Great Britain.Despite the fact the Federalists and the anti-Federalists had debate views regarding the constitution both were headed for a common goal of forming a government that could run the country. Many anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution, as drafted would open the way to tyranny by the central government. States rights, the Bill of Rights, and represenation were all heated subjects during the ratification phase. The Bill added a comfort zone for the states they needed security from the fear that the federal government could control them under a tyranny. States felt they would retain their rights through the freedoms afforded through the Bill of Rights. These freedoms include freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, the right to refuse refuge to soldiers, the right to privacy from search, trial b y jury, innocent until be guilty, the right to representation and to a speedy trial, no cruel and curious punishment, the right to always have rights, and the right for states to rule on things not mentioned in the Constitution. None of this was possible under British rule power was transferred from the center to the people. If the Constitution was ratified without the Bill of Rights, the central government could double its strength denying people these basic rights.As states made their decision through their own ratification conventions the nine states needed for ratification began voting. The first state that ratified the Constitution, although its convention was not the first to assemble, was Delaware, followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut. confirmation of the Constitution was four states away

Ethics Theories and the competing values framework

Ethics Theories and the competing de calline frameworkEthics Theories and the Competing Values FrameworkIntroductionManagement possibility and pr coifice implicitly endorse some good values over former(a)s and this provides the basic ethical orientation of film directors. But managers catch to understand opposite ethical theories to find out best for a picky slurEthics john be defined as the systematic set about to make sense of individual, group, organizational, professional, friendly, market, and global object lessonistic experiences in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a way as to determine the desirable, prioritized ends that argon worth pursuing, the right field rules and obligations that ought to ordain pitying beings conduct, the virtuous intentions and character traits that deserve reading in life, and to act accordingly. Put much simply, ethical motive is the study of individual and collective moral awargonness, judgment, character, and conduct.1 Researchers propose three types of morality namely, descriptive, normative and analytical.Ethical TheoriesThere argon a number of ethical theories. All these theories brush aside be exhibited in four quadrants in the figure below2Teleological Ethics TheoriesTeleological morals theories proposes that beneficial ends and/or results determine the ethical value of action mechanisms. If, on balance, whatever action provides more social welfares than costs to the relevant stake go forer (s) than by any(prenominal) other alternative, teleological ethics endorses the levelheadedness of that choice. Three major types of teleological ethics are eudaimonism, utilitarianism, and egoism.Ethical EgoismEthical egoism, is a teleological conjecture that holds that an action is good if it gos or tends to produce results that maximize a particular mortals self-interest as defined by the individual, even at the cost of others. Ethical egoism monishs a person to help others when the person gets zip fa stener out of it.Enlightened egoism emphasizes long- sphere self-interest simultaneously endorsing unselfish concern for the well being of others. An enlightened egoist, for example, may well stave off cheating and support community projects, non so much because these actions benefit others, further because they help achieve some ultimate goal for the egoist, such as social image enhancement that could lead to carrier approach within an organization.Utilitarianism article of faith of Utilitarianism proposes that an action can be considered as right nevertheless if the action produces most utility for whole the people bear on by the action. Utilitarianism principle holds that the action whose net benefits are greatest relational to the net benefit of all other alternative actions. Both early as well as immediate costs and benefits are taken into consideration in this principle.Utilitarians have come up with an alternate adjustment of the principle of Utilitarianism call ed rule utilitarianism. According to this, an action is ethically right, if the actions would be ask by moral rules which are oppose. A moral rule is correct if the sum total of the utilities produced is greater than sum total of utilities produced if e trulyone follows an alternative rule. ascertain Utilitarianism is applicable to a great extent to an organizational context. In an organizational situation, according to Rule Utilitarianism the correct moral rule is the one that would produce greatest utility for e rattlingone affected.Eudaimonism or Theories of HappinessEudaimonism is a teleological guess that endorses a course of action if it promotes or tends to promote the fulfillment of goals relating to human nature and its happiness. For example, this opening says that a manager enforces employee health and safety standards at work to hold back that employees derive happiness and satis itemion out of it.This theory is based on the premise that when a choice has to mad e among having a good time (maximizing pleasurable utility) and leading a good life (maximizing happiness) and the latter outcome was to be preferred to the former.Deontological Ethics TheoriesDeontological ethics theories maintain that responsibly fulfilling obligations, following proper procedure, doing the right thing, and adhering to moral standards determine the ethical value of actions.Deontological ethics maintains that irrespective of the consequences of an action, an action is ethical if it is morally right. Among the major types of deontological ethics are negative and positive rights theories, social contract theories, and social justice theories.Negative and Positive Rights TheoriesNegative rights theories hold that an action is right if it protects an individual from unwarranted interference from government and/or other people in the exercise of that right for example, if a person has a right to privately use, sell, or dispose of his personal station as he chooses, th is means that every other person has the related duty non to prevent him from privately using, selling, or disposing of his property as he freely chooses.Positive rights theories hold that an action is right if it provides any individual with whatever he or she needs to exist. For example, if he has a right to adequate health care to survive, this means that other agents (perhaps the government) have the correlative duty to provide him with entitled adequate health care, not merely to avoid interfering with its competitive acquisition. friendly Contract Theories genial contract theories hold that an action is right if it conforms to the terms agreed upon, conditions, or rules for social well-being negotiated by competent parties.Social Justice TheoriesSocial justice theories hold that an action is right if it promotes the duty of fairness in the distributive, retributive, and compensatory dimensions of social benefits and burdens. For managers, this approach stresses monitoring ad herence to standard operating procedures and honour persons for adhering to contr effective agreements in a coordinated manner. moral honor Ethics TheoriesVirtue ethics theories maintain that habitual development of sound character traits determines the ethical value of persons. For the virtue ethicist, sound, balanced character, motivation, and intention of an individual is more all-important(a) than the persons actual conduct and its consequences. Three major types of virtue ethics theories focalize on individual, work, and professional character which defines the required characteristics of the character of an individual or work or professional.System Development Ethics TheoriesSystem development ethics theories maintain that the ethical value of actions is determined by the nature and extent of the supportive framework for continuous improvement of ethical conduct. Managers should evaluate and develop work cultures supportive of ethical conduct.Ethical problems faced by Per sonnel ManagersThe ethical issues faced by individual employees and managers are very different, since managers are responsible for the entire range of human resources activities such as hiring, firing, disciplining, and surgical procedure evaluation. A large number of the ethical issues that arise in business are human resources related and these can usually be addressed by local managers, who act quickly, fairly, and with compassion.3Hiring and Work AssignmentsA manager hires, or brings new people into the organization, and determines employee work assignments once employees are on the job. The new people may be permanent employees, or they may be part -time employees, temporary workers, or consultants. Performance Evaluationmany times effect evaluation is not done objectively but is based3 on the relationship of the executive with his appraiser. This defies the entire purpose of Performance approximation System which should ensure that a fair and transparent appraisal is done. This salmagundi of favoritism may lead to demotivation of star performers and sends a bad place in the company.One good way to ensure continuous performance evaluation is to establish a formal appraisal system where performance of an employee is measured continuously and through quantifiable parameters. By measuring the objectives and targets are quantifiable and objectively measured, the process becomes fair and ethical. An ongoing process can greatly land misunderstanding, resentment, and charges of discrimination or bias.TerminationsTermination done in any form is never pleasant and should be avoided at all times but at times management is faced with no choice but to terminate the employees. Layoffs can result from many kinds of reorganizations such as mergers, acquisitions, relocations, or as the result of economic reasons, or changes in business strategy. A layoff can stem from a decision to coiffe staff in one department, or from a decision to reduce head count company-wi de. 4There are steps a manager can take to make it easier for the employee being terminated. The main goals are to be fair, ethical and to allow the employee to maintain personal dignity. Manager should ensure that this step is taken as a last possible recur and if it is inevitable, manager should ensure that the employee is given sufficient notice to get a new job or come up beneficial schemes deal voluntary requirements. Also, it would be more beneficial if management engages outplacement counselors or human resources professionals to meet with people who are laid off.Managing workforce diversityManagers are often placed with ethical issues of discrimination and unfair favoritism on the basis of the society and community that the employee belongs to. It is important for a manager to discourage any kind of bias based on religion, community and gender. brilliance of Ethics in Business context Enron ScandalEnron Scandal a saga of how the true statement unfolded and the one-time most reputed business of America went into trash. As the Consequential opening of Utilitarianism says, an act is ethical or morally right only if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. As in the incident of Enron, it can be seen that whatever the top management did was favourable to only a bunch of officials while the sufferers were the stakeholders in the form of shareholders, employees, financial institutions, accounting system firms etc. Also later, when the mask was off, all the culprit officials were penalized and punished which proves that truth cant be hidden for long. And the scant(p)-term benefit is too short when compared with long-term cost which one has to pay for its unethical acts. 4Enron entered into a range of shady dealings, including concealing debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts. This can be justified as according to the normative Principle in Applie Ethics which talks about the Right to information. Enron lied about its profits as during its heyday from 1999 to 2000, the company reported very strong net income by dubious accounting exercises. But the actual amount of cash that Enrons businesses generated wasnt nearly as impressive. Wrong information is more catastrophic than no-information. This can be justified as according to the Normative Principle in Applied Ethics which talks about the Principle of honesty which says that one shall not deceive others.Insider Trading refers to the process where a person is in hold of certain information due to ones correct in the organization and he uses it for his own advantage. Insider trading is both abominable and unethical. Enron chief operating officer Ken Lay had been consistently selling Enron stock in 2001.Top management promoted Enron shares as a bargain to employees and linked all their pension plans to the same. These employees had lost up to 90 percent of their 401(k) retirement savings as Enrons shares trashed into ground. A s per principle of Principle of Paternalism, one should assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do so of themselves. In this case, employees were ignorant of the fact as to what was the company doing, moreover, they were ignorant of best practices so they relied on the advice of their CEO to invest in stocks.5ConclusionThe collapse of Enron has made it clear that no matter how much profit an organization makes in short- come off, for its survival in the long-run, it has to stick to the policies of ethical practice. Any organization that deviates from this, will suffer in the long-run. A manager would invariably be faced with ethical dilemmas in the daily working of an organization but he or she should not endorse unethical practices since it would harm the organization in the long run and no organization can sustain in long term on unethical practices and policies.References1. Joseph A. Petrick John F. Quinn, (1997), Management Ethics Integrity at Work, Sage Publications, Sage series in Business Ethics.2. Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, edit by Ken Shelton, executive director excellence publishing, 1998. 3. Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, Edited by Ken Shelton, Executive excellence publishing, 1998. 4. Willlmot Hugh, Contributions of Poststructuralism and Posthumanism, Ethics Organization, Sage Publications, 1998, Pg. 76 -1215. Hart, O. , 1995, Corporate Governance Some possibleness and Implications, The Economic Journal 105, 678-689.6. Retrieved from http//www.ethics.org/1 Joseph A Petrick John F. Quinn, Management Ethics Integrity at Work, Sage serial on Business Ethics , 1997, p.43.2 Ibid, p. 48 3 Ken Blanchard, Ch. 8. Managing by Values, P.33-36, in Integrity at Work, Edited by Ken Shelton, Executive excellence publishing, 1998. 4 Willlmot Hugh, Contributions of Poststructuralism and Posthumanism, Ethics Organization, Sage Publications, 1998, P g. 76 -12155 Hart, O. , 1995, Corporate Governance Some Theory and Implications, The Economic Journal 105, 678-689.

Marketing Strategy of TVs Motors

beatetplace placeing Strategy of TVs repelsTVS labor Company is Indias thirdly capaciousst manufacturer and club had make success in their last ten twelvemonths. TVS achieved some(prenominal) awards for their quality of outputs, guest satisfaction and for their engineering science. This paper analyzing the administ symmetryns versatile strategies shams as easy as describes the fiscal dry landment analysis for last five year. analyze how the attach to reached the period position and described the recommendations for TVS Motor Company.IntroductionAn organisational take on is conducted to have a clear and proper chthonicstanding of the system of ruless sanctioned structure, coordination and functioning at both levels. E re all in ally organization involves in identifying and organize the scat that cosmos performed and delegates authority and responsibilities. Organizations argon always looked as a social entity directing towards nameated goals that ar inv entioned as coordinated practise and structured deliberately linking to external environment. In a country akin India which has seen an industrial revolution in last couple of decades, renting large multi bailiwick corporate and industries to the country any organization would require sloshed organizational functioning to compete with an opposite(prenominal) industries in the commercialize coat way to success and preferences to the organization. My organization study involves research on heterogeneous departments to to a lower placestand their functions within and their purposes. I have also tried to bring out the achievements of the organization so far and how it competes with its competitors. It was also eventful for me to study how they progress towards their mission and vision of the organization. Before doing a study on any organization it was important to have compassion on the concepts, principles and requisites of the organizations.Concepts of an organizationE very (prenominal) organization involves in a process of identifying and thronging the contribute that has to be done. It defines and delegates the authority and responsibility to every individual or sector. It establishes lovesome relationship with its employees to accomplish its objectives and performing travel efficiently.PrinciplesPrinciples be tailored on theoretical basis on which the strategies of the organization is built or framed. in that respect atomic upshot 18 several fundamental principles there are to be fol firsted in developing an organization sound and efficiently. Some of them areUnity of objectiveUnity of commandSpecificationSpan of controlCo-ordinationException tractablenessCommunicationSimplicityEfficiencyREQUSITIESThe objectives of the organization are to be innocent and clear and the organizations understanding their capacity in achieving them.All activities within the organization are implemented efficiently and easily.Proper coordination on all activi ties that being executed.Communication system inside the organization should be direct and effective.Should be complete with all essential activities being put into action.There should be argueable span of control at all levelsWherever required, furnish is to be available for expansionDefined procedures are to be followed on all functions of the organizationOrganization should always aim at promoting moral philosophy of its employeesProper diversion on authority and responsibility is required avocation systemTVS labors which originates from Trichur Vengaram Sundaram Iyengar motors is one among the leading ride guild in India .it is the third largest devil-wheeler manufacturer participation in India and among the efflorescence ten in the world. It holds yearbook revenue of more than than $ 1 billion .Its a flagship phoner with TVS group USA with 4$ billion. It strives and thrives in manufacturing innovative and pioneer products. TVS emphasizes on accounting entry naked products with its fresh product introduction (NPI) group of approximately ccc engineers who stand at forefront in executing strategic visions for the organization for its new products. Though these products are developed domestically it collaborates with planetaryly technological renowned partners. It aims to introduce six to ten products every year to solicit broad-based requirements of the market.Bike for AnyoneTVS Motors aims at introducing broad(a) range products thats drives the unavoidablenesss of all two wheeler riders. It holds products from mopeds to racing motor staves. The prices of these bikes are also affordable and reasonable to suit financial status of actuateionateness and upper middle class mickle in India. It was also the first motorcycle play along in India to dart mopeds that were easily affordable to labor and wager groups of India.Penchant for QualityTVS Motor has established quaternary manufacturing workss located at Mysore, Hosur, Himachal Pra desh and one in Indonesia. The company is more consistent on its quality of its products so far. The vehicles were long steadfast and reliable.Innovation at the HelmStrength of the organization lies in its design and breeding of its new products, the company proveed seven products on the same sidereal day in 1997, making it all the first automotive company to do so. They aim at developing superior node satisfaction. TVS presents quality vehicles to march ever changing expect of its customer and market, the company already holds 15 million customers on road.HistoryThe company was founded by Trichur Vengaram Sundarm Iyangar. He initially started on transport business holding large fleet of buses, trucks under the name of southern roadways limited. Later the company spread its wings on automobile sector, including insurance, finance, two wheelers manufacturing components, and tires. It is combined with 33 companies of its own to bring a turnoer of nearly 3 billion USD. On 1978 t he company started plant at Hosur to manufacture mopeds as a new division. Later the company collaborated with Suzuki on 1982 on a joint venture to obtain cross impression on its customers.Major Milestone kin by Year1978 TVS Motors was started as a new division of TVS.1982 Incorporated as Indians motors. It collaborated with Suzuki motors.1984 59,400,000 regions were issued on which 7, 00,000 piece of lands Sundaram Clayton ltd, Chennai.70,000 Anusha practicements20, 00,000-Suzuki motors2, 20,000 -Employees and business associates29, 70,000- earthly concern1985 incorporated Lakshmi Auto Company6 for Manufacturing transmissions and critical engine part.1986 company name was changed from Indo Suzuki motors to TVS Suzuki motors1990 forwarded 34cc Miniped1997 set up auto ancillary estate at Mysore and Hosur1998 RS 1,000 crore mark in 1997-1988 introduced first four stroke vehicle in the country2003 Recorded share of 35% of share in motorcycle division, Recorded 31% ontogeny on its gross sales. Company introduced racing bikes that were well-tried in Asian circuits.2006 Appointed new president2007 launched 7 motorcycles on the same day making a mark in account statement2010 Launched Indias first auto clutch motorcycle in Chandigarh.TVS Michael porters competitive w limit modelThe strategy is developed by Michael porter which describes the external factors change the organization. The TVS analysis is as followsSupplier personnelAlthough TVS has been a prominent provider for economic class customers in two wheelers market, here we take the violence of the suppliers for TVS to analyze. The Supplier market for TVS is high-pitchedly fragmented and the possibility for backward desegregation is also high which has restrained the power of the suppliers. TVS engages with several local suppliers for their spares and part for their automobiles manufacturing. The entry of many another(prenominal) new small scale manufacturers has also contributed to t he social welfare of large automobile manufacturers equivalent TVS to source their scantys and parts at a very optimal price. This clearly indicates the low supplier power.Buyer PowerBuyers power in two wheelers sedulousness is more as the product diversity and filths available in the market are exceptionally high. Buyers like a shot are petitioning and specific on their needs for the money they pay. They are look for the betray that offers interrupt pricing and technology which has shadowed the customer the true for any brand today which is the most faced threat by TVS.Threat of SubstitutesThreat from substitutes is quite low when compared to otherwise forces since market seems altogether to grow and mature every day. plainly when looked overthrow the line we could squall a threat from the dramatically escalating petrol apostrophize which might instance customers to switch to economic diesel cars. As well festering environmental concerns has also brought in bicyc les and battery two wheelers that might pose a threat in future to TVS.Intensity of RivalryTwo wheelers industry is most known for the competitive market and rivalry. Two wheeler brands like Bajaj, Honda and Yamaha have come up with various product line and technology targeting the customer segment of age group 20 to 30 years who are more fascinated to sporty two wheelers. But TVS has very less sporty models available for customers to choose that has restrained power of the brand over the most targeted customer segment by its competitors. Although TVS has a better power over the mid aged economic class customer segment, competitors now are increasing their tenseness on taking over it too.Barriers to New EntrantsNew entrants face a moderate barrier in penetrating the market since it is consolidated by few and strong suppliers. As the market size of the two wheelers industry is big and requires a strong footprint with high peachy investment, new entrants find it difficult to pit th emselves among the market front-runners. Thus TVS is not susceptible to threats from the new entrants to the industry.TVS Motors market shareThe market share of all Two-wheeler is propeled by various inflation, abstract in petrol price and interest rate. Automobile industry had surp uprise outgrowth around 15% is referable supported by various external factor like urban development, developed commonplace ecstasy, financial purchases and Two-wheeler penetration into various region. Hero Honda dominated in the market by 55% (2011-2012) in last five quarters.Market Share with competitors April Feb. 2011 cite TVS Motor CompanyFinancial performanceDetails/Year2011-122010-1120090102008-092007-08gross revenue other income*71486324448537413310Profit to begin with interest, depreciation, amortization and revenue enhancement*520491304247219Profit before tax316248763135Profit after tax249195883132Net fixed assets107899598310361043Share capital4848242424Reserves and trim112295284278 6798Net worth1170999835735769Total borrowings*8317681003906666Earnings per share (Rs.)5.244.101.860.660.67Dividend per share (Rs.)1.301.101.200.700.70 defy value per share (Rs.)24.3820.8117.4015.3216.02EBITDA/ employee turnover (%)7.37.46.86.66.6Profit before tax/turnover (%)4.43.91.70.81.1Return on capital employed (%)1916.48.05.62.8Return on net worth (%)23.021.311.24.14.1Source TVS Motor CompanyThe company achieved the one-year sales of two million as growth of 32% by selling 1.52 million units last year. The company made their growth in all three segment as Executive as 26%, Economy as 12% and Premium as 38% for the year of 2011. When compared with 2010, there is gain in sale of fixed asset in 2011. On 2011 fiscal year TVS Motors acquires assets increasing the liquidatory assets to 1.70 crores. Due to enlarge in RD expenses decrease in sales and investment in manufacturing sector increase the companys liabilities to 950.49 crores. Companys capital expenditure was 91.63 crores in year 2011. In the year 2011 current ratio stands at 0.17 while the debt ratio is at 0.98%. The cash ratio is 1.4 times than previous as the number proves that the companys stable but if the ratios are not improved over years the companys long time sustainability leave be at jeopardy.Operational analysis swot AnalysisStrengthsTVS is an global player with brand fair play and plays important role in Indian two wheeler markets.RD department police squad gives them a leading edge in markets technology development covering various segments like moped, motor cycle and scoter. These differences entertain the products attractive for people of all ages.TVS has a wide spread of distribution vane and numerous service centers covering all regions of its service areas which provide a rummy service to its customers.TVS groups have 40,000 knowledgeable, see and skilled employees providing service to more than 15 million customers in India. advertisement with brand ambassadors and attrac ting people with more processional activities.Products with low price, high enkindle economy, eco friendly less emission and unique design with its competitors.WeaknessesDespite exportation products to various countries worldwide, its not a globally recognizable brand yet. inadequacy of competitive amplitude bikes to attract the riders in the market. Most of the RD resources used in economy and executive products shading the premium segment.OpportunitiesOne of the fastest growing automobile providers in India. merchandise is limited and the international market is full which gives a versatile opportunity to explore and establish international market. more movement in higher-end model and more young generation are motivated towards motorcycle.ThreatsHeavy competition from other competitors and from other international brand i.e. importing of cheap motorcycle from china. in small stages increase in burn down price, Decrease in car prices, policies and increase in taxes get ou t affect margin for dealer as well as customer.Improving public transport will have an effect on the automobile sales. foreswear parts are expensive which increases the maintenance cost.TOWS ground substance Analysis prepare and TOWS are acronyms to each other, where as strength and weaknesses comes under internal environment. Opportunities and threats are comes under the external environment. But for practical study, TOWS describes internal environment and SWOT describes external environment.StrengthTVS is International player with brand equity and plays important role in Indian two wheeler markets.Excellent RD work of products and different products in various segments like moped, motor cycle and scooter. These differences make attraction to people from different age.TVS had wide spread distribution network and numerous service centers which make easy for people.TVS groups have more than 15 million customers and knowledgeable, experienced, skilled 40,000 employees.Advertising wit h brand ambassadors and attracting people with more furtheranceal activities.Products with low price, fuel economy, less emission and excellent design when compared to other company.WeaknessesEven though exporting to various countries, it is not globally recognizable brand.Fail to cover premium segment bikes and their segments are only for middle class customers.OpportunitiesOne of the fastest growing segments in India is automobile segment.Export is limited and untouched international market.More movement in higher-end model and more young generation are motivated towards motorcycle.SOTVS had invincible sales in moped and scooter. (S1O1)They had 3500 dealer for making sales and good-looking excellent service to customers.TVS maintains its brand image by shrewd products for all customers from low income to high income people. (S4O3)Employed more engineers in RD to bring their designing performance and development in all categories.TVS has ratio in debt equity is 0.1.WOEven thoug h it is not globally know, TVS made an excellent bestow mark in India. (W1O2)TVS need more concentration in premium vehicles because sales of premium vehicles are growing in recent years. (W2O3)Market share is reducing when compared to last few years.ThreatsHeavy competition from other competitors and from other international brand i.e. importing of cheap motorcycle from china.Gradual increase in fuel price, policies and increase in taxes will affect margin for dealer as well as customer.Improving public transport will have an effect on the automobile sales.Spare parts are costlier.STAutomobile is one of the growing sectors in the world, so it is golden opportunity to come forward in global market. (S1T1)TVS need more concentration in RD to improve the use of personal transportation. (S2T3)WTTVS has other competitors in two wheeler segment, which is the main drawback for them.Cost of spare parts and their products are high when compared to other company. (W2T4)TVS BCG Growth Share MatrixThe BCG Growth-Share Matrix is a planning model in which business is divided into four major(ip) based on market growth and market share. The growth share in this table positions the two major things of profitability. head(Scooter) motility mark(New motorcycle and new scooter)Cash awe(Moped)Dog(Motorcycles) geniusStar denotes high market growth and high market share in the industry. This position defends when the organization invest large amount in this segment. There is decrease in the growth when compared to last year, so this is the reason scooter comes under star category. It will turn into cash affright when there is gradual increase in coming years.Cash cowCash cow denotes low market growth and high market share in the industry. In moped sector it is the major role to the market share because moped have more advantages like low cost when compared to other moped manufacturing company. Handling is very simple and this is more preferred by small traders. Teenagers are u sing this vehicle as an entry point for them. This dominates in the position of cash cow because increase in the growth of sales in every year.Question markQuestion mark denotes high market growth and low market share. In this category, there are two things to be considered as invest greatly in the products or to clear up this products. The company launches new TVS Flame which gets more drawbacks in the market and the company plotted to launch the product with redesign. Company had greater growth in the scooter segment, so they launched electric scooter due to increase in the fuel price. But the product is failed due to some motor problems. So company need to invest in them for increase in market growth, this is the reason that these products comes under the question mark.DogDog denotes low market growth as well as low market share in the industry. In this segment, the motorcycle is divided into three categories as economy segment which had increase in 2% when compared to last year. In executive segment, decrease in 1% when compared to last year. But in premium segment, there is no increment or decrement when compared to last year. Market share came down when compared to last year, so this is the main reason that motorcycle comes under the category of dog.Marketing, Financial and RD StrategiesMarketing strategyThe company volume growth increased largely from the year of 2010-2011, but the company does not have corresponding growth in last year of 2011-2012. The company had huge demand in moped, scooter and only in premium motor cycle so these are volume key drivers in TVS motor company. The company is planning to build key model brand, so company had planned to have sustain success in their products like Star, Victor and Apache. These products had made brand image to maintain its success and these success made the company to introduce the new products in the market. These are key volume drivers and their focus to sustain their growth of the company.TVS motors have decided to launch seven new vehicles at a time in the year of 2007, so this will make the company as a young multinational company. This makes work for continues three years to rollout all these seven products at a time. indoors these seven vehicles, four of them are two-wheelers and three are passenger three-wheeler vehicles. These products are various technologies, design and new engine. TVS introduced CCVTi engine which reduce carbon-dioxide and reduce the monoxide by 70% which make green revolution and also introducing Fuel snap technology which consumes less fuel. TVS motors first introduce the electric scooter due to increase in fuel price in India. These are market strategies to cover imagination of people.TVS continuous improvement in quality of products resulted in winning various quality awards which brings more value for the customers. TVS offers 5-year endorsement for Star vehicles, which gives customers more preference. These customer satisfaction and quality are the one of major role for marketing strategy. TVS dealers are using their own individual promotion plans to the final buyers. The company advertises to the customers to provide offers to buy products where dealers provide with sale promotion to the product now. The company offering more promotional plan much(prenominal) as exchange offer, finance conveniences to the customers, free services, follow-up customer for their services and complaints and other festival offers. These are various marketing strategy promotions to customers for buying the products and giving excellent service to their products to have sustained growth in market place.Financial strategyTVS records the sale of 154,647 unit in alarming 2012 and 194,898 units in high-minded 2011, whereas for Two-wheeler sales records 150,740 units in marvelous 2012 and 190,184 units of sales in August 2011. In domestic sector, TVS records about 135,513 units in August 2012 against 163,705 units in August 2011. In motorcycl e sector, TVS records 53,673 units in August 2012 against 77,726 units in August 2011. In scooter segment, records 38,193 units in August 2012 against 52,253 units in August 2011. From this analysis, there is gradual decrease in the sales of all sectors including moped, motorcycle and scooters. Company exports 17,934 units in August 2012 against 29,984 units in August 2011. In Three-wheelers, company sold 4,714 units in August 2011 but it decreased to 3,907 units in August 2012. From the total, the company fails to compete with the previous year of same month.Research and development (RD)The company has a strong research and development (RD) department, supported with state of the art aiding technologies. Their in-house world class testing facility gives them a unique environment for testing the engines noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) and life time warranty testing. To they are supported with modern computers for developing good design as well as for developing new innovation i n the products. The team has been concentrating on eco-friendly products for a decade helping the fact of global climatical changes and increases of carbon dioxide release into the environment. They succeeded by out coming with a high fuel economy, reusable parts and low emissions hybrid products. Their automatic transmission technology for scooters is widely credited across the world due their very low emission and fuel economy. TVS RD department published 81 document placing and they developed various products with this research and they are successfully running in the road. For national and international conferences, RD published around 81 technical papers. knock venture and Value ambitTVS has joint venture with Japaneses company Suzuki with whom it shares their technology, design and manufacture for two-wheeler under the banner TVS-Suzuki. TVS-Suzuki manufactured various products including Samurai, Shogun and Fiero. Due to the rising disputes and low profit margins TVS decid ed to break their collaboration with Suzuki. In 2011, companies came to an agreement, as per the company was renamed as TVS Motors and Suzuki promised not to enter Indian market for minimal period of 30 months. This decision by TVS motors allowed them to operate independently and proves to be effective as their profit increased noticeably. TVS Motors invested heavily in RD to launch new products with new technology and succeeded making TVS a highly recognized brand. After three years Suzuki entered Indian market and became one of the top five Two-wheeler Company in India.The value chain for the Two-wheeler company has many value chain partners including manufacturing, dealers (outlets include sales and service), financial agents, support services, advertising, contracts, transportation and more. The value chain for TVS Motors will act like one team and they aim for success. The company has appraisal agencies, call centre, collection agencies and dealer perplexity system to get dai ly updates from dealers and maintain a global communicating across their value chain partners. TVS has plans to implement Information Technology across the value chains, to reduce the delays and lags in communication between the value chain dealers. This IT adoption to the company will significantly increase the customer satisfaction, by the bye service and a well structured management.Business performanceThe boilersuit Two-wheeler sales is decreased to 5% due to absences of executive segment motorcycle, whereas scooter and moped segment increased by 10% in their sales growth. The company achieved all time high sales in export of 2.70 hundred thousand in 2011-2012. Three-wheeler sales also increased slightly from 0.39 lakh to 0.40 lakh in 2011-2012. Spare parts also increased to 29% sales. TVS Wego had a huge growth of 60% in the scooter segment.These vehicles are distributed around 3500 dealer in India they are authorized for both sales and services. TVS is continuously seeking fo r opening new dealerships to increase the growth of sales. The export sales are grown 51% where as domestic sales decline by 35% in the Three-wheeler market. There is large number of competitors in exporting, so company takes advantages of providing quality products as well as providing new market line for domestic market. For reducing the material cost and input material cost, company is using value engineering and global sourcing projects. TVS is using total quality management (TQM) as a al-Qaeda from 1987. So that company created manually called TVS Way and won award for national and state level competition.Recommendations and ImplementationsReferencesTVS Motor Company. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/tvsbrief.aspTVS Motor Company. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/tvs-rd.aspTVS Motor Company. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/global.aspTVS Motor Company. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/investor.aspTVS Motor Company. Annual Report. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/pdf/19th-Annual-Report-2010-2011.pdfTVS Motor Company. From http//www.tvsmotor.in/investor-news-home.aspIndian Infoline. TVS Motor Company Ltd. From http//www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/ play down/Company-Profile/TVS-Motor-Company-Ltd/532343Business Line. TVS Motor seeks early end to licence pact with Suzuki. From http//www.thehindubusinessline.in/2001/12/29/stories/022907za.htmThe Financial Express. TVS reaps Business Benefits through SAP. From http//www.financialexpress.com/news/tvs-reaps-business-benefits-through-sap/60168/2 hot Mint. TVS Motor changes financing strategy. From http//www.livemint.com/Money/uW1yXkCG0HsTBLIjI5rHKL/TVS-Motor-changes-financing-strategy.htmlMoney Control. TVS Motor Company. From http//www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tvsmotorcompany/history/TVSTVSIndian Two-Wheeler Industry. From http//www.icra.in/Files/ticker/Indian%202W%20Industry,%20Update,%20Feb%202012.pdf (Retrieved on Feb 2012)

Drama Therapy In Reduction Of Vicarious Trauma Psychology Essay

turn Therapy In Reduction Of petty(a) psychic psychic wound Psychology Essay turn therapy is defined as an intentional and regular application of childs play/ theater offshootes, products, and associations towards achieving therapeutic goals of symptom relief, emotional and fleshly integration and individual/personal growth. at that placefore, the goals of free rein therapy be established from psychformer(a)apeutics and the tools to achieve these goals ar derived from theaterChildren use swordplaytic play as therapy spontaneously, with no outside direction or pre-imposed structure. Dramatic fit is the childs method of symbolically expressing and resolving internal conflict assimilating honesty releasing confine emotions learning to dictation latently destructive nervous impulses with and through fantasy expressing unaccepted graphic symbols of the self exploring problems and discovering resolutenesss expressing hopes and wishesand developing a sense of iden tity (cited in Emunah, 1994, p.4).These complete spectacular forgather expires in childrens lives ar too pertinent to everybody regardless of age towards building psychological growth and counter qualify. These plays help knob to tell his or her story to solve a problem, achieve catharsis, spread the depth and breadth of inner jazzs, understand the meaning of images, and strengthen the might to observe personal billets while increasing flexibility between roles (Emunah, 1994) The experience by psycho healers of failure of traditional verbal therapy to confront and achievement through node discomfort led to the evolving of period of play therapy. The balance of verbal and non-verbal elements of play therapy together with its language of metaphor enables individual to work effectively indoors a therapeutic session.Trauma experiences that m some other been proved to be ototoxic to peoples feel heap be recapitulated to workers who ar supposed to be aid the detrim enttized guests. This has detrimental impact on the leaf nodes and also bay window assume to demoralization of help givers and wastage of resources. It back also lead to the belief that the clients receiving the help ar the cause of the problem and that the clients condition is hopeless and they cannot be assisted or helped. This transfer of trauma from the client to the cargon giver is known as vicarious traumatization (Kellermann, 1992). Vicarious trauma is inevitable while dealing with clients who acquire suffered major(ip) expirationes or suffered terrible final expirations. It cannot be avoided except can be modified or reduced through drama therapy (Jones, 1996).Vicarious TraumatizationVicarious traumatization also known as secondary traumatization is the impacts of working with clients who wee-wee experienced trauma through the narration of their story roughly the experiences. It is called secondary because the person affected by the trauma has no direct come to with the event that led to the trauma nevertheless experiences the trauma indirectly through their client (Andersen et al, 2000). A good example is of workers helping the refugees. Since the refugees imbibe suffered major losses and disembodied spirit-shattering events, those working with refugee such as teachers, medical doctors, and immigration workers among others leave alone be subject to vicarious traumatization and its impacts. Vicarious traumatization is usually a slow, accumulative shape that takes place in the course of hearing many stories of loss and pain (Emunah, 1994 Axline, 1947). This makes it difficult to detect its impacts on the care givers lives. In some cases the care givers do not realize that they are woe from vicarious traumatization until when it is too late and they set about burned out. The impact of vicarious traumatization corresponding the impacts of trauma itself is serious and can be permanent. It interferes with the care givers/workers abi lity to do their work effectively and this highlights the need to recognize, monitor, and minimize the effects of vicarious traumatization on workers lives (Kellermann, 1992).Understanding Vicarious Traumatization and Its ImpactsAs defined above, vicarious traumatization is the experience of trauma related stress that is often caused by working closely with trauma victims. Trauma in definition is any experience involving serious menace personal harm or harm to others and excessive negative emotions analogous fear, helplessness, rage, and grief. These experiences can happen at any time of the life of individuals who guide gone major losses or suffered terrible occurances for instance in a refugee life it can occur during resettlement process or any other phase of a refugee life (Jones, 1996).It is not thinkable to hear stories of tragic losses, humane brutal harassments, gross injustice, and needless suffering and remain unimpressed by such stories by workers who encounter huma n suffering on daily basis. The only personal manner to remain unaffected is only by choosing to be numb by blocking our senses tho this most often leads to ineffectiveness in service delivery and can also lead to depression and other associated problems(Jones, 1996). The fact is that we are changed by the nature of our work usually in ways we do not want. For example a volunteer who is optimistic on him/herself towards helping refugee whitethorn change drastically and become increasingly cynical and discouraged because of the unmatched stress emanating from his/her job (Andersen et al, 2000).Vicarious traumatization can take confused forms which are determined by an individual and the work environment. The fact that people repartee to stress are different, there is no single symptom or set of signs that lead absolute evidence of vicarious traumatization or an consummate(a) list showing all the signs and symptoms. Nevertheless, many of the impacts of vicarious traumatizatio n are resembling to the impacts of the trauma itself. Some of the signs and symptoms of vicarious traumatization include fatigue, depression, withdrawal from other or from activities, loss of trust, demoralization, cynicism, disillusionment, lack of sleep, loss of sense of humor, lack of emotional control and strong emotional reactions to minor occurrences, and difficulty ,making decision among other symptoms (Kellermann, 1992). like water flowing over a excite in a stream, on daily basis nothing markms to be happening to the rock but several years later, have of the rock will be worn out. Similarly, vicarious traumatization is cumulative and on a day-to-day basis, we may hardly realize that we are experiencing stress. Eventually the vicarious traumatization wears us shoot and if not dealt with, it leaves us in an ill-defined position. Once in this exhausted position we are unable to think clearly, make rational judgments, hear carefully, or even help others effectively (Jones , 1996). In addition, attributes such as cynicism, disillusionment, despair among others becomes part of our permanent identities (Carey, 1990). These are serious and damaging impacts. Fortunately, such impacts can be reduced by taking an active role of reducing such stresses that are associated with working closely with trauma survivors. The offset printing step towards addressing vicarious traumatization is to accept that such trauma does exist and have an understanding of the contributing f musicians of vicarious traumatization (Sue, 1994).Management of Vicarious Traumatization through Drama TherapySome researchers argue that spectacular activities do encourage a removal from the reality which is an escapist way of beingness, relating to others, and relating to the military personnel. Others argue that theatre and life are farely different states and if they do relate, it is only within the confines of a theatre with its formal demarcation of performance and earreach areas. Some leaning view adult dramatization as being regressive returning to the experience of the child in play. Nevertheless, some scholars argue that drama and alert are virtually connected. As Evreinov wrote theater is a human impulse necessary to health living (cited in Jones, 1996). Drama therapy acknowledges that a part of this want and impulse can be employed in the nutrition of health and coping with emotional and psychological problems (De Dominico, 1988 Gil, 1994). The creation of world of fictions, play world, and the creative process itself does not need only to be seen in the positioning of an unhelpful retreat from the reality but rather be seen as an important part of living in the world. Creativity in drama therapy has a better, life-affirming aspect. The fantasies and the artistic daydreams help in conquering the vexing limits of existence. They also help in dealing with our basic conflicts (Carey, 2006).Over the erstwhile(prenominal) two decades, acknowledgeme nt of drama as a therapy has changed and this has led to the result of drama therapy as practiced today. These changes have two main aspects as observed by Jones that drama therapy session can deal with base processes come to in the clients change rather than being adjunct to other ways of working, such as psychotherapythat the root of this process is in the drama. Dram therapy is not viewed by those who support it as a psychotherapy group containing dramatic activities but rather the drama process contains the therapy itself (Jones, 1996).Drama therapy techniquesVarious elements of drama therapy combined together make drama therapy effective. These elements condone the way in which drama processes are therapeutic. These elements are not busyized to any drama technique but their focus is on fundamental processes within all drama therapy. The key areas of drama and theatre which are of essence to drama therapist includes the process of entry into playacting as a character, ent ry into dramatic state, dramatic communication, kinship between the dramatic frame and real life frame, performance processes, and the audience together with the process of witnessing in theatre. These drama elements are essential in developing the healing power of drama and theatre and out of them there emerges series of dramatic processes which are crucial towards making drama therapy effective(Carey, 2006, Sue, 1994).The first summation drama process is dramatic projection. Wilshire in his work Role Playing and individualism describes the human relationship between stage space and audience in a way that help us to see how drama projection relates to drama therapy. He observes that the constant attractions and the needs for theatre is that we see ourselves writ large (Wilshire, 1982cited in Emunah, 1994). According to this observation, seeing ourselves the way we are leads toward changing oneself according to the way we understand or see ourselves which may include a change in our perspective. In addition, as an audience, we may identify with some of characters on the stage through motivation, experience or attitude. This may also be accompanied with projection of our own motivations, emotional states and experience according to the direction provided by the actor. Drama content and action witnessed by the audience can lead to a shift of their relationship with the projected feelings during or after the performance. In turn, this may affect the way the audience understand and feel about part of themselves that have been engaged with the projection (Sue, 1997). This projection and assignment with the drama scene are not only to the clients that could be suffering from trauma experiences but also to the therapist who from the traditional verbal pattern may be a subject to vicarious traumatization because they are actively involved as an actor or audience and also the way the client expresses his or her inner feelings through acting has lesser vicarious traumatization impacts. though some theory such as classic freud sees projection and identification as a defensive process, the drama therapy sees it as an important process that develops important relationship between inner emotions and external forms and presences (Weber et al, 2005 Carey, 2006).The other core process of drama therapy is the therapeutic performance process. This process includes need identification, rehearsal, showing, and disengagement. There are two impacts within this process. The process enables the client to find sort for the poppycock to be worked on and the working means with the literal. During rehearsal and showing, client can shift their relationship to personal material by playing different role in the enactment or by directing alternative ways of the play. The focus here is to explore the content displayed by the client (Emunah, 1994). Clients and therapists may become role player or an audience member for a while. Taking these roles may be therap eutic for both(prenominal) the clients and the therapist for it provides an opportunity for a change in the link with the material or shift in perspective concerning the expressed material. The client and therapist involvement with the medium of drama through acting may quit them to experience their own creative thinking. Eventually they may be able to take in this creativity to bear upon the problem being focused within the action. This creativity may necessitate a change as the client and the therapist is able to address the problematic material from various perspectives (Sue, 1994). For instance, outside drama therapy session, a client or therapist may be stuck with a problem but they may feel capable of finding the solution through creatively engaging and experimenting new alternatives in the drama (Miller, 1994).Empathy and distancing which are other processes within drama are often two contend powers within theatre and drama therapy. But it would be beneficial if we see bo th as part of any reaction that result from a dramatic phenomenon either in a theatre or therapy. wiz may be established more strongly than the other but it is irrational to describe a response as being on the whole distanced or empathized. Empathy and distancing are associated to mediation and the ways in which an individual interact with others and happenings in life. As Landy observes, healthy functioning requires a balance of feeling and thought (Landy, 1986, 98 cited in Emunah, 1994 ). Empathy creates a bond between the actor and the audience. It is determined by the capabilities of the audience to identify with and engage their emotions with the character. It can also be evident within the character themselves through the role they are acting with. On the other hand, distancing is where the character does not allow total change on the stage into the character he is acting (Miller, 1994).Empathy discipline in dramatic activities is therapeutic in itself. For instance clien ts may have a problem of establishing relationship due to lack of abilities to empathize with other. empathetic responses during therapy sessions encourage the client to empathize with others outside the drama therapy. On the other hand, distancing encourages participation that is more focused towards thought, reflection and perspective. This means that the client function as a reader to the material without being disengaged from the material but involved with it from a different angle (Allen, 1988). This helps the client to develop perspective on themselves or an event. The degree of response, of empathy and distancing within an action can be used as an instrument in the assessment of clients relationship with the material they present (Emunah, 1994).Drama representation is described as the means chosen to express material within a drama session. Two particular elements common within drama practice are personification and impersonation. incarnation is representing a person quality using objects dramatically. Impersonation on the other hand refers to role playing of an imaginary person (Miller, 1994). These two elements provide the client or the therapist a given focus of expression and exploration of problems and concerns. It enables the client to have a taste of what it is to be another(prenominal) (Emunah, 1994). This links the process of developing empathy and eventually developing the ways a client interacts with others. It can also help in the process of covering a problematic circumstance from the point of view of another person. intimacy of fictional material through personification and impersonations can develop opportunities to change and explore the concern in a new direction. This fictional world enables client explorations which the client might deny in the normal life circumstances.Play activities which is another process in drama therapy is described as the expressive language in the therapeutic sessions. In early stages, a play usually conta ins games and warm up activities. A state of raillery is developed and the client enters into a special playing state. This playful session has a link with reality. The links are exhibited by a more creative, flexible attitude towards action, impacts and held ideas. This allows the client to adopt a playful, experimenting direction towards themselves and their life encounters (Miller, 1994).. This makes play to be seen as part of an expressive continuum using special language such object play, toys, and games among others which is seen as part of hoe the client explores material in drama therapy (Weber et al, 2005)..ConclusionIn many occasions, work in drama therapy involves a direct dramatic representation of reality for instance playing a role of real life event or an improvised experience. At other time it is indirect relationship with real life event. Many activities give a number of various types of connection simultaneously. For example a realistic role play of relationship between a client and her mother, exploring unaddressed problem may have various importance. To the client presenting material, to the other actors and audience, the relationship, may symbolize a seek between self and personified by the mother and daughter (Miller, 1994).. The process of being involved in drama activities and the potential creativity of enactment can bring transformation in a persons life. This is as result of transformation of identity- the artist in the client is established within drama therapy. The developing of dramatic products, the participation in dramatic process can result to a combination of thinking, feeling and creativity (Sue, 1994). This combination has a potential to transform different aspects of clients way of understanding and responding to themselves and the world. The interactions which the client forms in the drama therapy can be transformative experience. Past interactions, events and ways of addressing them cab be brought into the underway drama therapy and be reworked within the drama.

Overview of Ethernet Technology

Overview of Ethernet TechnologyEthernetNetwork2 Research AssignmentReem Alajmi understructureEthernet technology has wind to meet new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is without delay used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. It is used in industrial covers and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications networks.In this research, we shall discuss interface options for Ethernet and the optic transport network (OTN) beyond nose candyG. 100G Ethernet technologies unwrap carriers the tractability to phase in the implementation of thesehigher-speed localizes to better adjust capacity increases with their specific maturement and budget st sendgies. As we will see, 100G individual(a) straylength channel is capable of significant cost reduction for the required component. in like manner we will founder a look into HECTO project.Because of the increasing Ethernet traffic in network s, in this paper you will find some Ethernet function should be scaled by Ethernet infrastructure which will protects the traffic. 100G EthernetWith the reality of 100G ethernet, the community has latterly started to increase its ambitions to look into technology beyond 100G. Nowadays, ethernet is keeping up with the embarrassment of data services that drive exponential network traffic growth amongst 40 and 90 percent per year.IEEE 802.3 has 10x bit rate grading by incorporating 40G ethernet into the 100G standard. This way shows us the increasing technology gap amongst desired ethernet rates and cutting-edge serial transmission bit rate in 100 local area network technologies.For the 100G WAN technologies, they need to accommodate exponentional go traffic demands increasing per- graphic symbol WDM capacities.In the future, there might be 400G LAN technology. It will likely continue the parallel transmission approach by 100G Ethernet, but the degree of 400G Ethernet is higher equivalence to the 100G Ethernet standard.For 400G WAN technology options it must(prenominal) be higher spectral efficiencies to allow increase WDM system capacities.Nowadays,1 Tb/s interface rates differ. 1 T Ethernet and OTN will around certainly need significantly parallel transport interface in the LAN and in the WAN.High-speed components for 100G Ethernet transmission in one joggle length onlyTo transmit 100G b/s on nine-fold roam length is almost impossible because of the partitioning of the signal and the assorted speed at which the lower-rate signals propagate through the fiber. So, the transmission of signal at 100 G b/s data rate on one wave length seems to be simple and straight fore by using on-off-keying (OOK). There is also a way to refer this transmission works. We can use quadrature phase shift keying with polarization multiplexing and reproducible detection. This phase carries the information of 4bits instead of 1bit, but the transmission is very big-ti cket(prenominal) because of the complexity of it.The utilization of four wave length and 25 G b/s for each sub signal is the result of comparing a low number of wave lengths and the low bit rate of the sub signal.HECTOHECTO is the name of a project done by European commission which is the short-term of (High-speed Electro-optical Components for Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in optical Communications).The idea of this project is to develop the circuits for a rate of 112G b/s with error-free operation. The goal of HECTO is to make 100 Gb/s Ethernet cost good components for electrical to optical as well as optical to electrical conversion. These converters should be developed as integrated devices to achieve high- proceeding devices and cost-effective technologies. Also the project tries to develop both components in tight cooperation. consecrate system experiment were planned to investigate the proper interaction between the transmitter component ant the receiver component. T he transmitter and the receiver for fiber optical communications should be able to be manufactured as products after completion of the project based on serial 100 GbE signals requiring about 100G b/s.The result achieved by the HECTO consortium would strongly stir the telecommunications industry and overall network-user community.Ethernet assemblage and transport infrastructure OAMEthernet is now expanding to inter-metro virtual(prenominal) private network (VPN) services as a layer 2 alternative to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) VPN services. It is poised to become the dominant backhand stroke interface for mobile services with the deployment of fourth generation technology.Service provider Ethernet architectures have evolved because of the increasing volume of Ethernet traffic and broad ended of application for Ethernet. By using platforms that utilized Ethernet ports effectively and provide significant Ethernet assembly back toward the service edge.Ethernet support OAM to ols that enable providers to capitalize the simplicity and flexibility of Ethernet OAM protocol comprise four components configuration and service provisioning, fault indication, symptomatic functions, and performance supervise. These protocols operate at different layers within the Ethernet stack husking layer that discover attributes of physical links on network elements bear layer which is the physical or link layer. It is a link monitoring and remote failure indication.Network layer deals with the forwarding of Ethernet frames based on tunnel identifiers within the frame. It is used as the aggregation component for the services layer.Service layer deals with individual service instances. This layer uses 3 protocols IFFF 802.1ag , MEF 16 E-LMI ( Ethernet- local Management interface), and 1TU-T Y.1731. it helps operators turn up services and support measurements of performance parameters at the service instance granularity.Ethernet aggregation and transport network must have prot ection. There are 2 ethernet forwarding mechanisms that provide Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure, first Ethernet aggregation and transport over point-to-point VLAN(s), second Ethernet-based bundle aggregation and transport over IEEE 802.1 Qay(PBB-TE). These mechanisms meet all the functional and approachability requirements for Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport layer and create point-to-point Ethernet networks with no macintosh learning and flooding functions enable.Conclusions100G Ethernet and OTN are employing the highest serial bit rates. For 400G it seems to be accessible in both LAN and WAN.And for the components developed in HECTO potentially have set the stage for cheaper 100GBE by transmitting on one wave length only with one transceiver instead of using 4 wave lengths.Key Ethernet OAM and protection switching protocols are essential enhancement to evolve Ethernet beyond a simple switch metro enterprise service.ReferencesFrom IEEE magazines COMG_20100701_Jul_2010 COMG_20090201_Feb_2009

Challenges Facing Goodyear Essay -- Business Management Consumerism Ti

Challenges Facing GoodyearProblem Statement on that point argon several challenges facing Goodyear in the currentenvironment. Our sales have leveled make in the past few years and weneed to increase our trade sh ar in order to improve these numbers. Our debt is high and our interest payments atomic number 18 eating a counsel at ourprofiles so we need to get more than income to pay down this debt. Themore immediate question is if Goodyear should launch its new line ofAquatred tires. The tr closedown has been toward higher mileage tires andthe Aquatred tire is non in line with this trend, being more of ahigher end tire. Additionally, if we do finalise that we are waiverto launch the Aquatred, do we start the publicizing during theOlympics when we dont have all the tire sizes available? We are alsodetermining if remaining with our current distri providedion channel is the top hat approach or if we need to expand the way our tires get to market. If we take root that we are dep rivation to expand our distributionchannels, we then have to determine which tires, we are going to offerin the new channels. Finally, our market address in the replacementmarket is lacking not sure this is true, and since consumers relish thatbuying tires is a necessity we have to find a way to make them excitedabout purchasing our product. Goodyear used to be considered thegorilla in tire producers, but with increased competition in lateyears, that is not longer the case. IssuesConsumer model and expectationsEssentially, consumers fall into 4 basic segments. There are Price-constrained emptors who buy the best brand they canafford. They do not show any loyalty toward any brand and tend to crap around for tires so we would have to get our tired in former ofthem and be the best priced. There are the Value-oriented buyers that shop around a lot to getthe best price, but would generally buy major brands only so we wouldprobably be able to capture this buyer because of our brand name, butwe would need competitive pricing. There are the lineament buyers who were loyal to the outlet and thebrand of tire. These consumers were generally upscale and are goingto be our main target audience and the challenge here would be to getthe tire to the outlet that the consumer is comfortable buying at andcommunicating the difference in our tire verses our competitors. Finall... ... and concern was put forth by the company totry to make tires as safe as possible. This is a positive spin on thecompany as a whole, which should realize to higher sales for ourother tire products. In conclusion, we have a unique opportunity to take advantage of aniche market that is as of yet untapped. We have already purchasedadvertising time at the Olympics for which we are going introduce ournew Aquatred tire, as well as promote Goodyears continuing quest forsafety and quality. We are going to open up new distribution channelsfor our lower end tires so as to increase market share in these areas, epoch ensuring that our independent dealers sales are respected andpromoted as much as possible. This is a very exciting time forGoodyear and the Aquatred tire. A little long, but I like your plan ofaction.Most important attributes for consumers when purchasing a new tire1. Tread Life2. Wet Traction3. manipulation4. Snow traction5. Dry tractionUS market for rider Tires Replacement OEM Total Industry 152.0 43 195Goodyear 22.8 16.3 39.1Goodyears percent 15% 38% 20%